The great Scottish scientist Adam Smith is considered the founder of such a great science as economics. Today, this great science is one of the most relevant and necessary. Knowledge of various economic processes not only simplifies people's lives, but also helps to regularly replenish the budget, teaches you how to earn and save.
In today's world there is a huge need for economically educated people. The importance of the economy is growing every year. This science is being taught even in schools. In every developed country there are many economic universities that modernize and open progressive faculties almost every year.
What kind of science is this and what is the purpose of economics? Social science, which studies the market and the behavior of participants in the process of economic activity, explores how people dispose of property, how they try to satisfy their unlimited needs, and there is the economy.
Economy and its goals
Many earthly resources are inherently limited. Fresh water, food, livestock, fabrics are earthly resources that can be lost. Unlike resources, human needs are unlimited. The purpose of an economy is to balance limited resources with unlimited human needs.
The famous American scientist, psychologist Maslow Abraham Harold believed that all basic human needs can be expressed in a pyramid. The basis of the geometric figure is physiological needs, that is, the human need for food, water, clothing, shelter, and procreation. Current economic issues are based on this pyramid. The top of the figure is the human need for self-expression.
Sectors of the economy
To date, only three have been identified, which in science are called primary, secondary and tertiary. The first sector combines the goals and objectives of the economy in the study of agriculture, fishing, hunting, and forestry. The second sector is responsible for the construction and manufacturing industries, while the tertiary sector is based on the service sector. Some economists also prefer to single out the quaternary sector of the economy, which includes education, banking services, marketing, information technology, but in fact, this is what the tertiary sector studies.
Forms of the economy
To understand the purpose of the economy for sure, it is necessary to become familiar with the forms of the economy. Children begin to study this important topic in middle school not social studies lessons, and then continue to delve into it in high school and university. There are four forms of this social science in total.
Market economy
The market economy is based on free entrepreneurial activity, contractual relations, and a variety of forms of ownership. The state in this case has only an indirect influence on the economy. The characteristic features of this form are the independence and self-sufficiency of the entrepreneur, the ability to choose a supplier, focus on the buyer. The main purpose of the economy in this case is to maintain a connection between the buyer and the entrepreneur.
Traditional economy
The traditional economy has not yet outlived itself, because there are still underdeveloped countries. Customs play a major role in this economic form. Agriculture, manual labor, such primitive technologies (the use of a plow, hoe, plow) are characteristic features of this system. Primitive society was built on a hierarchy and traditional economy, but even today some African, Asian and South American countries still retain this form. At its core, the traditional form is the very first manifestation of economic science.
Administrative command economy
The administrative-command economy or planned economy existed in the USSR, but is still relevant in North Korea, as well as in Cuba. All material resources are in state, public ownership, the state fully controls the economy and its development. State bodies in the administrative-command economy single-handedly plan the release of products, as well as regulate prices for it. A huge advantage of this economic form is a small social stratification.
mixed economy
A mixed economy depends on both entrepreneurs and the state. If the administrative-command form includes only state property, then private property is also present in a mixed form. The goal of a mixed economy is the right balance. State property most often includes kindergartens, transport, libraries, schools, universities, hospitals, roads, legal services, law enforcement agencies, and so on. People can freely engage in entrepreneurial activities. Businessmen independently manage their property, make decisions on the production of products, hire and fire workers, and train employees. The state is funded by the people who pay taxes.
The economic growth
The economic growth of the country largely determines the economy and its role in society. Economic growth allows each state to produce more goods, services and benefits. The more goods a country produces, and the greater the demand for them, the more profit this state will receive. Economic growth must be sustainable, but by no means rush.
The result expected from economic growth is a significant improvement in the quality of life of the population. But unfortunately, it is incredibly difficult to achieve this, as there are fewer and fewer competent economists. There are several factors that can raise the standard of living of a country.
One of the most important factors is the progress of technology and science. Thanks to new mechanisms, technology, the Internet, labor productivity and working capacity have increased millions of times. A unique, modern, high-quality product is in demand in the sales market.
Another factor in economic growth is the labor force. If the employee does not have a higher education, is lazy, inexperienced, and does not know how to make decisions, then the company will not be successful. Human capital is incredibly highly valued in today's society. Education in a higher educational institution, work experience, knowledge of foreign languages, personal qualities of a person play a huge role in hiring. The economy and its role in the life of society is incredibly high, which is why it is so important to listen to the advice of experienced scientists. Human capital allows an employee to earn additional income. This term was introduced in the 20th century in economics.
IN occupies one of the most important places in the life of society economic area, that is, everything that is connected with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods created by human labor.
Under economy It is customary to understand the system of social production, the process of creating material goods necessary for human society for its normal existence and development, as well as the science that studies economic processes.
The economy plays a huge role in the life of society. It provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. The economic sphere is the main sphere of society, it determines the course of all the processes taking place in it.
The main factor of production (or main inputs) is:
the earth with all its riches;
labor depends on the number of the population and its education and qualifications;
capital (machines, machine tools, premises, etc.);
entrepreneurial ability.
For centuries, the problem of how to satisfy the many needs of people has been solved by extensive development of the economy, that is, the involvement of new spaces and cheap natural resources in the economy.
With the development of scientific and technological progress, it became clear that this approach to the use of resources has exhausted itself: humanity has felt their limitations. Since then, the economy has developed intense way, implying the rationality and efficiency of the use of resources. According to this approach, a person must process the available resources in such a way as to achieve maximum results at a minimum cost.
The main questions of the economy - what, how and for whom to produce.
Different economic systems solve them differently. Depending on this, they are divided into four main types: traditional, centralized (administrative-command), market and mixed.
From the traditional economy manufacturing industry began. Now it has been preserved in a number of economically underdeveloped countries. It is based on natural form of economy. Signs of natural production are: direct relations in production, distribution, exchange and consumption; products are produced for domestic consumption; It is based on communal (public) and private ownership of the means of production. The traditional type of economy prevailed at the pre-industrial stage of the development of society.
Centralized (or administrative-command) economy based on a unified plan. It dominated the territory of the Soviet Union, in the countries of Eastern Europe, and a number of Asian states. Currently preserved in North Korea and Cuba. Its main features are: state regulation of the national economy, which is based on state ownership of most economic resources; strong monopolization and bureaucratization of the economy; centralized economic planning of all economic activity.
Under market refers to an economy based on commodity production. The most important mechanism for coordinating economic activity here is the market. For the existence of a market economy, private property is necessary (that is, the exclusive right to own, use and dispose of goods belonging to a person); competition; free, market-determined prices.
The economic systems mentioned above are almost never found in their pure form. In each country, elements of various economic systems are combined in their own way. Thus, in developed countries there is a combination of market and centralized economic systems, but the former plays a dominant role, although the role of the state in organizing the economic life of society is significant. This combination is called mixed economy. The main goal of such a system is to use the strengths and overcome the shortcomings of a market and centralized economy. Sweden and Denmark are classic examples of mixed economies.
In connection with the transition of a number of former socialist countries from a centrally controlled economy to a market economy, they formed a special type of economic system called transitioneconomy. Its main task is to build a market economic system in the future.
2. Read an excerpt from the work of a contemporary sociologist. “Parents and children cannot and must be financially equal. Parents should have power over their children - this is in the general interest. And yet their relationship must, in principle, be equality. In a democratic family, parental power is based on an unwritten agreement.Shenia". How do you understand the author’s words that the power of parents over children is responsible for everythingcommon interests? Whose interests, besides the interests of children and parents, are implied here?What, in your opinion, could be the “unwritten agreement” mentioned by the author betweenparents and children?
Any stable, steadily developing society is interested in a strong family. What is a “normal”, “healthy” family? This is a small group, united by blood relations, having family rules, which should serve as a direction for the development of each individual in the family. Such a family is characterized by warm relations between generations. The authority of parents, on the one hand, must be indisputable, there must be a distance between children and parents - for the simple reason that parents have more life experience, they are responsible and financially provide education and upbringing of children. Consent between parents, their authority creates a sense of security for children. But, on the other hand, a healthy family cannot be based on the suppression of children's independence. The true authority of parents should be clearly understood, not questioned and does not need constant demonstration. Children should feel free to express their opinion, defend their point of view, respecting the position of their parents.
The absence of stable hierarchical relations in the family leads to the creation of the so-called "permissive" style of relationships. In such a family, behind the seeming permissiveness is a deep indifference to each other. Such a family is formal, does not provide support in difficult times and does not provide the right guidelines for development.
As a result, the authoritarian style of relationships between parents and children also leads to alienation, suppresses independence and initiative, and ultimately can develop cruelty and aggression towards each other, or suppress a person, develop an inferiority complex.
Thus, the most complete is a family with a democratic style of relationships, where respect for elders is adjacent to equality and cooperation, the family that serves as a safe haven in all life's problems and troubles.
3. You turn 16 years old and during the summer holidays you decide to get a temporary jobthe one to earn money to buy a gift for parents. What documents do you need provide to the employer? What document should you sign? What points of the document you sign should pay special attention to?
In this case, a 16-year-old minor must submit to the employer: a passport and a certificate of preliminary medical examination (examination).
If yes, then a work book and an insurance certificate of state pension insurance are submitted.
When applying for a job, a minor must sign an employment contract. Moreover, in this case - a fixed-term employment contract. In the employment contract, the employee should pay attention to the following points:
place of work;
labor function (that is, the specific type of work received);
date of commencement of work;
the duration of the contract and the reasons why a fixed-term employment contract was concluded;
terms of remuneration;
working hours and rest periods, etc.
It is also necessary to remember that, according to Article 92 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, persons from 16 to 18 years old are set a reduced working time - no more than 35 hours per week.
Introduction
The recognition of the fact that the legal, political, social and economic processes in any society are interconnected has led to the emergence of a number of scientific directions. On this wave, such a direction as economic law was formed.
All the transformations being carried out in Russia today are in one way or another connected with the economy. Without understanding the mechanism of the impact of law on the behavior of economic agents - both firms and households - it is impossible to carry out reforms, plan and implement economic and social policies.
Meanwhile, the connection between law and economics is very close, since economic relations are expressed through legal norms that legalize them; new means of economic development (leasing, mortgage, franchising) are sanctioned by law; the state directly intervenes in economic life. For lawyers, economic relations are one of the objects of legal regulation.
In this regard, many questions arise: what range of economic relations is regulated by law, what is the degree of economic freedom of subjects engaged in economic activity, in what cases and under what conditions economic activity can be limited, can the economy function on its own, does the economy need a state, What impact does international law have on the national economy?
Thus, the interaction of law and economics is bilateral: law must comply with modern social, including economic, realities, and economic agents, when determining their behavior strategies, must take into account the restrictions that the existing legal system imposes on them.
economics right legal property
And the very possibility of the proper functioning of the economic mechanism presupposes that the subjects of the economy take into account the requirements of law. Neglect of legal norms, gaps in legislation, lack of a well-functioning judicial and legal system lead to the destruction of economic ties. Recently, the economics of law has been called the most successful direction in the development of theories of law in the second half of the 20th century.
The purpose of this work is to consider the interaction of economics and law in public relations.
Economy, its role in society
The economy plays a huge role in the life of society. First, it provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. Secondly, the economic sphere of society's life is a system-forming component of society, a decisive sphere of its life that determines the course of all processes taking place in society.
Under the economy in a broad sense, they understand the system of social production, i.e. the process of creating material goods necessary for human society for its normal existence and development. Klimenko A.V. Social science: Proc. allowance / A.V. Klimenko, V.V. Romanian. - M.: Bustard, 2004. - S. 47-49.
Human needs are very diverse. Organizing their economic activity, people pursue certain goals related to obtaining the goods and services they need. To achieve these goals, first of all, a labor force is needed, i.e. people with skills and abilities. These people in the course of their work use means of production, representing a set of objects of labor, i.e. from which material goods are produced, and the means of labor.
The totality of the means of production and labor power is commonly called the productive forces of society. productive forces- these are people (the human factor) who have production skills and carry out the production of material goods, the means of production created by society (the material factor), as well as the technology and organization of the production process.
The whole set of goods and services necessary for a person is created in two mutually complementary spheres of the economy. IN non-productive sphere spiritual, cultural and other values are created and similar services (educational, medical, etc.) are provided. IN material production material goods are produced (industry, agriculture, etc.) and material services (trade, utilities, transport, etc.) are provided.
In the course of practical activity, people producing material goods are faced with a certain level of development of technology and technology, as well as with the relations that have developed on this occasion, which are commonly called technological- relations that develop on a certain technical basis, the relationship of the producer of material goods to the object and means of his labor, as well as to the people with whom he interacts in the technological process.
Another system of relations is considered economic or industrial. The main one is property relation to the means of production.
Thus, today the economic sphere occupies a leading place in the system of social relations, determines the content of the political, legal, spiritual and other spheres of society.
The modern economy is a product of a long historical development and improvement of various forms of economic life organization. In most countries, it is a market economy, but at the same time it is regulated by the state, which seeks to give it the necessary social orientation.
Law, as a kind of social normative regulator, actually affects the most diverse spheres of the life of society, the state and the individual. A special place in this case belongs to the economy, economic relations, economic ties, which are a kind of material basis for production, reproduction of spiritual, moral, political and other values of social life.
A specialist who has received a law degree with knowledge of economics must know the entire course of legal disciplines of the specialty "Jurisprudence" and, in addition, the subjects of legal support for economic and commercial activities, including knowledge of labor, business, banking, customs law, the basics of tax legislation, investment legislation and notaries.
Some aspects of the interaction between economics and law will be considered in the next chapter.
There are major and minor roles in our life. Our life can be divided into different spheres of social life. One of the elements of society is the economic sphere. The economic sphere is the main sphere of society, it determines the course of all the processes taking place in it.
The economy plays a huge role in the life of society. It provides people with the material conditions of existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods. The economy usually includes everything that is connected with the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods created by human labor. The main goal and role of the economy is to meet the needs of each individual, the needs of organizations and enterprises, as well as the whole society as a whole. economics material society welfare
For many centuries, the problem of how to satisfy the numerous needs of people was solved through the extensive development of the economy, that is, the involvement of new spaces and cheap natural resources in the economy.
With the development of scientific and technological progress, it became clear that this approach to the use of resources has exhausted itself: humanity has felt their limitations. Since then, the economy has been developing mainly in an intensive way, implying rationality and efficiency in the use of resources. According to this approach, a person must process the available resources in such a way as to achieve maximum results at a minimum cost.
The whole set of goods necessary for a person is created in two mutually complementary spheres of the economy: material production and spiritual production. The production of material goods - (bread, machine tools, electricity, etc.) is the basis of the life of human society. In the non-productive sphere, spiritual, cultural and other values are created, services are provided in the field of education, medicine (services mean expedient types of labor that satisfy certain needs of people). Production must be continuous.
The level of development of production is reflected in the spirituality of society. If production develops in an increasing manner, then the need for cultural values also increases. People, gaining confidence in the future, spend money on a variety of entertainment, purchase goods for consumption.
If production falls, then unemployment rises, uncertainty about the future appears, crime and drug addiction grow, people become isolated, as it were, in themselves. There is a so-called subculture. Overcoming negative processes in society is stretched for an indefinite period of time. And this hurts all the foundations of the state: the family, the rule of law, etc.
Thus, the standard of living depends on production and labor productivity. The wider and more varied the production, the higher the productivity of labor, the better the quality of life and the well-being of the people.
The economy is both a science and a sphere of human activity, and a structure that ensures the production, distribution, exchange and consumption of goods and services in society.
Economy- this is any activity of people related to the material provision of living conditions and the creation of economic benefits (goods and services).
Word " economy" comes from the Greek words oikos - household and nomos - law. Literally interpreted as an economy conducted in accordance with laws, rules, norms.
In n.v. it is more meaningful and has three main meanings:
The economy is a set of production relations of a historically defined mode of production. According to the nature of these relations, according to the forms and methods of managing the economy, types of economic systems are distinguished: traditional, command-administrative, market, etc.;
Economy - the economy of a particular region, country, group of countries, around the world, including the relevant industries and types of production or part of it.
Economics is a scientific discipline that studies the functional or sectoral aspects of economic relations.
Economics consists of macroeconomics and microeconomics.
Macroeconomics - the level of creating conditions, factors for the effectiveness of economic activity.
Microeconomics - the level of constant interaction between consumers and producers.
The economy develops in two areas - material and non-material production.
Material production is the process of creating material goods and providing material services.
Non-material production is the process of using material goods and satisfying spiritual needs.
The sector of the economy that directly provides production processes is infrastructure. The infrastructure includes industrial and social spheres.
The production infrastructure includes:
Logistics,
Transport,
Water supply system,
Tele-radio communications,
Energy supply.
The economy plays a huge role in the life of society.
First, because it provides people with the material conditions of their existence - food, clothing, housing and other consumer goods.
Secondly, because the economic sphere of the life of society is decisive, determining the course of all processes taking place in society.
IN economic structure productive forces and relations of production.
productive forces- a set of means of production (objects of labor and means of labor), labor and technological processes.
Relations of production- a mechanism for the creation, distribution, sale and exchange of goods.
Components of the economy are production, distribution, consumption and exchange.
- Production- the process of creating material wealth, covering both the productive forces of society and the production relations of people
- Distribution- division, giving each a certain part. The distribution can be according to the size of property, according to labor, according to needs.
- Consumption- the use of something to satisfy needs. Society consumes produced goods and services.
- Exchange- the process of movement of products of labor as a form of distribution of values produced by society. Exchange happens monetary, non-monetary, natural.
The place of a person in economic relations is primarily characterized by:
1) his position in property relations;
2) its role in the process of labor (production);
3) his participation in business and entrepreneurship;
4) its position in relation to the distribution and consumption of the product produced in society.
Entering into property relations, a person realizes the rights of possession (the ability to own one or another property), disposal (the ability to change the purpose and ownership of property), use (the ability to use the useful properties of property). The scope of these rights depends on the form of ownership: common, private or mixed.
The most important economic role of a person is his participation in the process labor. The objective characteristics of human labor activity are productivity, efficiency and place in the system of social division of labor.
Its assessment is determined by the degree of compliance with the most important requirements imposed on it: the requirements of professionalism, qualifications, labor, technological and contractual discipline, as well as diligence and initiative.
