Indicative asset. Enterprise assets: concept, structure, analysis. Why are assets needed?

Organizational assets are economic assets available to enterprises in any form. They are under the control of the company and are derived from previous events in its economic life. An organization's assets are those funds that the company will use to make a profit. Let us consider them in detail below.

Signs

Upcoming economic benefits refer to the potential ability of the funds at the disposal of the company to indirectly or directly provide an influx of money. There are a number of signs by which resources act as assets of organizations. These are the properties that provide the capabilities:

Use separately or in combination with other means in the process of creating products for sale, providing services, performing work.
Exchange for other resources.
Used to pay off debts.
Distributions between participants of a business company.

Classification

There are two categories into which the assets of organizations are divided. These are fixed and working capital. The first represent the property assets of the company, which are repeatedly involved in production activities. The value of the organization's assets is transferred in parts to the original price of the product. In accounting, such assets include property whose useful life is more than 12 months. Moreover, their price is more than 10 thousand rubles. organizations are:

Characteristics

OS includes labor tools that are used in the production process, provision of services or performance of work for a period exceeding 1 year. These assets have been involved in the organization's operations for a long time. At the same time, they retain their natural shape. The cost of assets is transferred to products as they are worn out (in parts).

Intangible assets are also objects of long-term use. At the same time, they do not have a physical basis, but have a valuation and generate income.

Intangible assets include intellectual property, organizational costs, and business reputation. Profitable investments are part of the property, premises, structures, equipment and other valuables that have a material expression. They are provided by the enterprise for temporary use for a fee. Capital investments are the company's costs for construction and installation work, the purchase of equipment, inventory, tools, and so on. organizations represent a company's investments in securities issued by the government (bonds, for example) or other economic entities. These funds also include loans provided to other companies. Investments can be made for a period of more than a year. In this case, they act as long-term assets. The company can also invest for a short period of time. In such a situation, these funds are considered as short-term assets. All of these categories are reflected in the balance sheet in the first section.

Working capital

They are called property that participates in economic activity and changes its original material form. They are consumed during the 1st production cycle. Their cost is also transferred to the original price of the product. However, working capital transfers it at a time.

Compound

The working capital of the enterprise includes:

MPZ includes basic and auxiliary materials and raw materials, purchased semi-finished products, containers, spare parts, waste, fuel, household supplies, equipment, fattening and growing animals. Cash forms the organization's own capital. They accumulate in cash at the cash desk, as well as in current and other bank accounts. An organization's own capital can be spent on various needs. The composition of settlement funds includes various amounts. It consists of unpaid amounts from buyers, etc., reflected in the balance sheet in the second section.

Efficiency of use of funds

Information about the allocation of resources is reflected in the balance sheet asset. A separate article is maintained for each category of funds. Based on the reflected information, it is possible to determine the changes that the company’s equity capital has undergone, what share of funds falls on real estate or working resources, and so on. Analysis of indicators for an enterprise is of key importance. First of all, it is necessary to determine the efficiency of using assets and their degree of influence on the value of the entire business. At the same time, the head of the company must have information about the real price of each product. Their combined value will allow us to assess the potential of the company and its property complex.

Analysis methods

When studying the structure of assets, horizontal and vertical valuation methods are used. The latter makes it possible to identify trends in changes in those items that have a positive effect on strengthening the enterprise’s position in the market or, conversely, have a negative impact. consists of creating tables. In them, absolute balance indicators are supplemented by relative values - rates of decline/growth. Typically, the basis values for adjacent periods are taken into account. This allows you not only to analyze the dynamics of indicators, but also to predict them. Vertical analysis, in turn, is necessary, since relative values, to a certain extent, smooth out the negative impact of information processes that can significantly distort absolute values. Both of these methods complement each other. In this regard, in practice, tables are often built that characterize not only the structure, but also the dynamics of individual indicators.

Conclusion

An organization uses the assets at its disposal to achieve various goals and implement many tasks. In particular, resources are used in the production of products, production of work, and provision of services aimed at meeting the needs of consumers who are willing to pay for the benefits received. Accordingly, this contributes to the flow of funds to the enterprise and increases its solvency. At the same time, assets contribute to the expansion of production and improvement of product quality. Funds are used to purchase equipment or modernize it, introduce new technologies or test the release of a new product. For any company, assets constitute one of the key elements of its activities. In this regard, the enterprise needs to create an effective system for managing them.

In an accounting system, assets are recorded on the balance sheet and are purchased or created to increase the value of a company or benefit from its activities. This is the part of the balance sheet opposite the liabilities (the sum of capital and liabilities). The difference between the book value of assets and liabilities is the value of equity, which is called “net assets.” The higher the net asset value, the stronger the financial condition of the company.

Types of assets

The assets of the organization, depending on their physical (type) form, useful life and reflection in accounting, are classified into types:

Material and intangible. The first have a physical form (equipment, land, buildings, vehicles). The cost of tangible assets used for more than one year (except land) is subject to depreciation, i.e., the costs associated with their depreciation are distributed over their entire service life. Intangible assets are resources such as securities, trademarks, copyrights, patents, software, and goodwill.
Long-term and short-term (current). The service life of the former exceeds one year (or one operating cycle). Current assets are operated for up to one year (or one operating cycle).
Non-current and negotiable. All assets are divided into non-current and current. They are displayed in the first and second sections of the balance sheet (under similar names) at their original (book) value. Non-current assets are long-term resources that are involved in production and are not consumed in the course of daily business activities (fixed assets, intangible assets, capital investments). Current assets are short-term economic resources that are used in operating activities and include cash and cash equivalents (treasury bills, certificates of deposit, etc.), accounts receivable, and inventories.

For fixed assets, a minimum acquisition cost threshold is established at the legislative level; long-term assets with a lower value are taken into account as low-value non-current tangible assets. The legislation also regulates the accrual of depreciation (amortization) of non-current assets by introducing service life limits for their groups.

Asset liquidity

Assets are presented on the balance sheet in increasing order of their liquidity, i.e., ability to be converted into cash to repay short-term debt. Depending on the degree of liquidity, the following types of assets are distinguished:

illiquid. Non-current assets (equipment, buildings, construction in progress) are considered illiquid, since the process of their sale (transforming property into money) requires a long period of time (more than one year);
low liquid. Current assets converted into cash within one year (short-term accounts receivable, inventory);
highly liquid. The greatest liquidity is characterized by cash and short-term financial investments used to pay current obligations.

By dividing the value of certain types of current assets by current liabilities, absolute, quick and current liquidity ratios are calculated, with the help of which the level of solvency of the company is measured.

Return on assets

To determine the organization's ability to make a profit from the use of assets, their profitability is calculated (the ratio of net profit to the value of assets). This financial indicator, in percentage terms, evaluates the return on investment in assets and the operating efficiency of the enterprise.

The company's assets are

Good day, dear readers! Today we spent a lot of working time on one client.

The financial director of a legal entity came and wanted to apply for a loan for the organization. When we started talking about the need to prepare a balance sheet, he looked surprised.

Enterprise assets

Enterprise assets are a set of property rights owned by the enterprise, in the form of fixed assets, inventories, financial deposits, monetary claims to other individuals and legal entities. In other words: assets are investments and claims. The term "assets" is also used to refer to any property of an organization.

Tangible and intangible

Assets are usually divided into tangible and intangible. Intangible assets include non-monetary assets that do not have physical form and satisfy the following conditions:

Possibility of identification from other property.
Use in the production of products, when performing work or providing services, or for the management needs of the organization.
The ability to bring economic benefits (income) to the organization.
Availability of documents confirming the existence of an asset and the exclusive right of the enterprise to the results of intellectual activity (patents, certificates, other documents of protection, agreement of assignment (acquisition) of a patent, trademark, etc.).

Intangible assets may include the organization's business reputation (goodwill) and intellectual property.

In turn, objects of intellectual property (exclusive right to the results of intellectual activity) include:

The exclusive right of the patent holder to an invention, industrial design, utility model.
Exclusive copyright for computer programs and databases.
Property right of the author or other copyright holder.
The exclusive right of the owner to a trademark and service mark, the name of the place of origin of goods.
The exclusive right of the patent holder to selection achievements.

Liquidity and asset structure

Assets are grouped according to the degree of their liquidity (ability to be sold at a price close to the market): highly liquid, medium liquid, low liquid and illiquid assets. The most highly liquid asset is money in cash and in current accounts.

Warning!

The ratio of an organization's assets and liabilities determines its financial condition, and in particular, its solvency.

There is a method for assessing the financial condition of an enterprise using financial ratios, the most important of which are calculated based on the size of assets and the degree of their liquidity.

Reflection of enterprise assets in accounting

Assets in accounting are reflected in the asset (on the left side) of the balance sheet. The current form of the balance sheet in the Russian Federation includes two sections of assets: current and non-current assets:

Current assets (current assets) are used in the process of daily business activities. For example: inventories, accounts receivable, cash.
Non-current assets are assets withdrawn from economic circulation, but reflected in accounting. For example: fixed assets, intangible assets, long-term investments.

source: https://finances-analysis.ru/financial-coefficient/aktivy.htm

What are “Enterprise Assets” - Definition

The assets of an enterprise are the property of the enterprise consisting of financial, tangible and intangible assets.

Tangible assets of an enterprise have a material form. These are enterprise-owned structures for production and non-production purposes, residential and administrative buildings, land, production equipment and machinery, stocks of materials, raw materials and fuel, and so on.

Financial assets of an enterprise are financial instruments owned by the enterprise: financial investments, receivables, monetary assets in various currencies, cash on hand, securities, insurance policies, and so on.

Intangible assets of an enterprise are the right to use some intellectual property, including a trademark, logo, patents for inventions, and so on.

In accordance with the nature of the participation of assets in the production cycle, current and non-current assets are distinguished.

Attention!

Current assets are completely consumed during one production cycle, ensuring the company's operating activities. Non-current assets of an enterprise are involved in several production cycles until their entire value is transferred to manufactured products.

Various sources of asset formation make it possible to distinguish between net and gross assets. Gross assets are formed at the expense of both own and borrowed capital, Net assets - only at the expense of own capital.

The assets of an enterprise are divided into various groups according to some other criteria: by ownership (own and leased) and degree of liquidity (absolutely liquid; highly liquid; weakly liquid and illiquid).

source: http://site/btimes.ru/dictionary/aktivy-predpriyatiya

Enterprise assets: formation, analysis, optimization

Any property that is owned by an organization can be combined into one concept - the assets of the enterprise. Such property can be tangible (material) and immaterial. The funds of an enterprise constitute its financial assets.

Enterprise assets are economic assets that are at the disposal of the organization. They are the result of its economic activities and are used for further profit generation and development of the company.

They have the potential to provide cash flow in one way or another. However, not all resources can act in this capacity. To do this, they must meet the following requirements:

Used for the production of goods, performance of work or provision of services.
Exchange for other resources.
Used as a means of repaying debts.
Distributed among all participants of the business company.

Composition and structure

Classification and understanding of the distinctive features of each type makes it possible to evaluate the company’s activities according to specific economic parameters. The data obtained as a result of such analysis helps to make informed management decisions and develop a development strategy.

Advice!

Tangible, intangible and financial assets. Tangible assets include the physical property of the company: production equipment, transport, buildings, production lines, computers, office equipment, furniture.

The intangible assets of an enterprise are no less valuable for the successful operation of the organization. These include:

patents, trademarks, intellectual property rights;
the right to use subsoil;
licenses, permits;
formulas, software products, technologies, other inventory items.

Financial assets of an enterprise include all the money at the company's disposal, its equivalents, deposits in bank accounts, loans provided to third parties, as well as shares and bonds.

In the course of its activities, the enterprise uses all types of economic means. However, in recent years the role of intangible property has been growing. This is due to the fact that information technology and information in general are extremely important for modern business. Using a large number of intangible components, the company produces high-tech products.

Current and non-current assets. Depending on the nature of their use in business processes and their ability to turnover, assets can be current or non-current.

The first group includes property that is processed entirely during the production or commercial cycle. An example of current assets is raw materials, since upon completion of processing processes they become a finished product.

Cash also belongs to current assets, since it is fully used to pay employees, purchased raw materials, loan payments, etc.

Non-current assets are not subject to change and are not consumed during the production process. They are used for a long time, gradually their cost is transferred to the finished product. Non-current assets include fixed assets. This is the property through which the production of goods or provision of services is carried out:

buildings and structures;
cars and other special vehicles;
technological lines;
expensive and constantly used tools, equipment, etc.

Almost all intangible assets are also considered non-current. These are long-term loans and securities issued, other financial instruments, as well as equipment leased to third parties.

Warning!

Production and non-production assets. In a company engaged in industrial production, part of the property is involved in the process of manufacturing products. These are workshop premises, technological lines installed in them, necessary equipment and tools, raw materials, fuel. However, no manufacturing company can do without administrative offices or support units.

Anything that is not directly related to the production process is considered non-productive assets. These are cars, canteen equipment, furniture, computer equipment.

Dividing property into groups is necessary to calculate direct and indirect costs. Manufacturing assets are easily transferred to the finished product because they are consumed during its manufacture. To take into account non-productive assets in the cost price, special formulas are needed to determine indirect costs, which are then included in the cost of manufactured products.

Own and attracted assets. To carry out its activities, the enterprise uses property purchased with its own funds or leased. Those items that are purchased with the company’s money, as well as its own finances, form the enterprise’s own assets. Leased production facilities, including leasing, as well as bank loans are considered attracted.

Attracted assets imply the company's fulfillment of certain obligations. This is the need to make payments under loan agreements and lease agreements, as well as take care of servicing debt securities. When equipment or vehicles are used by a company under leasing terms, after payment of its cost to the leasing company, the property becomes the property of the enterprise.

Division is also possible according to the degree of liquidity:

absolutely liquid (money);
highly liquid (short-term receivables and deposits with a short repayment period);
medium-liquid (finished products, goods, accounts receivable);
weakly liquid (financial instruments with a long maturity, some types of intangible and non-current assets);
illiquid (bad receivables, defects, loss).

Based on the sources of formation, assets are divided into gross and net. Gross consists of all types of property, regardless of the funds spent on their acquisition.

Attention!

Those purchased with the personal funds of the enterprise without the use of borrowed funds are considered clean.

Net asset value is the difference between the total value of assets and the amount of liabilities. This indicator is important for determining the degree of financial independence of the company, since it allows you to understand what the real size of its own funds is.

Financing

Sources of enterprise assets are divided into the following groups:

Own - funds that belong to the enterprise by right of ownership and are used to form part of the assets. These include:
1. Authorized (share, share) capital. This is the amount of contributions of the company's founders, which is necessary for its functioning. The purpose of their contribution is the formation of fixed and working capital at the stage of opening the enterprise. The size of the authorized capital is fixed in the constituent documents and does not change throughout the existence of the business entity. It can be increased or decreased only in a legally regulated manner.
2. The profit that an enterprise received from the sale of goods, works, services, from the sale of its property and property rights, as well as from other income.
3. Depreciation charges accumulated as a result of transferring the cost of fixed assets to the cost of production.
Funds equivalent to your own. The company does not own them, but constantly uses them.
Borrowed funds are funds that an enterprise attracts on a repayable basis: loans received from banking institutions on the terms of repayment and payment; borrowed funds from other companies; subsidies from the budget.
Attracted are funds of other individuals and legal entities that are in the circulation of the enterprise temporarily, including accounts payable.
Mobilized in the financial market are funds that the company received from the sale of its own securities (shares and bonds).
Non-traditional sources of financing – leasing and factoring.

Enterprise asset management

Property management is a system of principles and methods for the development and implementation of management decisions that are associated with the formation, effective use in the operational activities of an enterprise and the organization of its turnover.

The goal of operating asset management, as well as financial management in general, is to increase the market value of the enterprise.

In achieving this goal, the following tasks must be solved:

Formation of assets in sufficient volume and required composition allowing to ensure the specified pace of development of operating activities. To solve this problem you need:

determine the need for property and funds that will be required in the operating process of the enterprise;
optimize the ratio of individual types of property and finance and attract the most effective ones, based on the level of productivity and the likely profitability of the upcoming use.

Ensuring the highest level of profitability(profitability) of used assets at the planned level of commercial risk.

Maximum profitability can be achieved through the use of property in the most effective areas of operating activities and commercial operations of the enterprise. When solving this problem, it is necessary to understand that high profitability directly depends on the growth of commercial risks.

Advice!

Ensuring business risk is minimized use of enterprise assets at the envisaged level of their profitability (profitability).

With a pre-planned or predetermined level of profitability, it is necessary to strive to reduce commercial risks in the types of activities through which profitability is achieved. The following methods are used for this:

diversification of operations and areas of activity of the enterprise that are associated with the use of its property;
avoidance of certain types of commercial risks;
effective forms of their internal and external insurance.

Ensuring the constant solvency of the enterprise by maintaining a high level of asset liquidity. Effective management of cash balances and cash equivalents will help solve this problem. It should be noted that excess funds, although they help maintain a high level of solvency, tend to lose value under the influence of inflation.

It follows from this that in solving this problem it is necessary to take into account the various economic interests of the enterprise. A sufficient level of solvency of the enterprise is achieved by high liquidity of finished products, accounts receivable, short-term financial investments, as well as other types of operating assets.

Optimization of asset turnover. To solve this problem you need:

effectively manage monetary and material types of property during the implementation of individual cycles of their turnover in the enterprise;
ensure the synchronicity of the formation of certain types of enterprise assets related to operating activities;
minimize the total costs of organizing the turnover of property in all its forms.

Accounting

An asset is considered such when the following conditions are met:

the owner of the property is the company, and the resources controlled by it are used on a legal basis;
its use will ultimately lead to an increase in the economic profit of the enterprise;
it can be expressed using specific quantities.

The potential economic benefit of assets lies in their direct or indirect inclusion in the company's financial flow. Potential can be productive, in other words, be part of the operating activities of the enterprise.

Warning!

It can be converted into cash or cash equivalents, and can also be used to reduce financial outflows (for example, organizing an alternative production process to reduce costs).

The economic resources included in the property must meet several requirements:

ensure receipt of benefits (income, profit, money) in the future;
be subject to the disposal of an enterprise, which can use them at its own discretion or sell them;
appear as a result of previously completed transactions (to be ready for use at the moment, and not to be at the stage of production or delivery under the relevant agreement, contract).

The amount of assets of an enterprise includes its property and non-property rights.

Property includes items that have economic value due to their physical properties (money, goods, raw materials, structures, machinery, equipment). Property can be movable and immovable, in the form of shares and shares of other companies (long-term financial investments), in the form of working capital (current assets of the enterprise) or biological assets.

Rights are divided into material and immaterial. Materialized means ownership of a security that confirms the possibility of receiving valuables (bill, check, bond, share).

The latter include debt obligations (accounts receivable), exclusive rights (patent, license, copyright, right to a company name and trademark) and other rights resulting from unfinished business transactions (planned expenses incurred or income not yet received).

All types of property discussed above are subject to reflection in the balance sheet of the enterprise after their quantitative assessment and measurement. The classification is aimed at ensuring that, on the one hand, it is possible to have an idea of the composition of the enterprise’s assets and the essence of its legal relations with counterparties, and on the other hand, to determine the degree of their participation in the general turnover of the company’s funds.

During the annual inventory of property or constant maintenance of accounting data, the following tasks are solved:

the enterprise's own capital or the amount of net assets is determined (represents the difference between the amount expressed by the value of all property assets and the amount of liabilities);
a set of benefits is identified that can be used to ensure the rights of creditors.

Valuables of which the enterprise is not the owner, but which are in its temporary possession, are identified separately in accounting. These include securities transferred for storage or goods transferred for sale.

How to analyze enterprise assets

Asset analysis is understood as a procedure for studying the results of their creation and use by a company, allowing one to identify opportunities for a future increase in their efficiency.

Attention!

Financial analysis systems can be different. Based on the methods underlying its implementation, horizontal, vertical, comparative, integral financial analyzes and analysis of financial ratios are distinguished.

Horizontal financial analysis. The basis of this type of analysis is the study of changes that individual financial indicators undergo over time. During the analysis, the growth rates of various financial reporting parameters for individual periods are calculated, and the directions of their changes are identified.

In relation to an asset management system, several methods are most often used:

Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with data for the previous period.
Studying the dynamics of data for the reporting period in comparison with data for the same period last year.
Studying the dynamics of data for a number of previous periods. This method of analysis allows us to determine the direction of change in individual parameters that characterize the results of using the assets of the enterprise in its activities.

Vertical (structural) financial analysis. The analysis of the structure of an enterprise's assets is based on the vertical decomposition of individual parameters of the company's financial statements. Its purpose is to calculate the share of individual parts that make up economic indicators.

The most common methods used during vertical analysis:

Structural analysis that determines the volume of property used by type of economic activity. It is the basis for the subsequent calculation of asset efficiency parameters based on individual types of activities and for the business entity as a whole.
Structural analysis of the volume and composition of assets by internal divisions of the enterprise. It is the basis for a subsequent more in-depth comparative and invoice analysis, which allows us to determine how effectively the company's main assets are used by its internal divisions.
Structural analysis of the operating non-current and current assets of the enterprise. It is necessary to study the turnover of funds and property in terms of individual production and commercial cycles, as well as to determine performance indicators for the use of certain types of enterprise assets.

Comparative financial analysis. The basis for this type of analysis is a comparison of groups of similar indicators with each other. During the analysis, the values of absolute and relative deviations of comparable parameters are calculated. The most commonly used types of comparative analysis are:

Comparative analysis of parameters for the use of enterprise property and industry average data. At the same time, it is determined to what extent the results of the creation and use of assets of a particular enterprise deviate from the industry average, so that in the future it is possible to assess the competitiveness of the enterprise and identify reserves for further increasing the efficiency of their use.
Comparative analysis of indicators of the use of property and financial resources of a particular enterprise and competing companies. The goal is to identify the weaknesses of the organization’s functioning in terms of the use of assets and further identify measures to improve its competitive position.
Comparative analysis of the use of property in terms of the activities of the internal structural divisions of the enterprise in question. It is necessary to carry out a comparative assessment and identify reserves for increasing the efficiency of creation and use of assets by the internal structures of the organization.
Comparative analysis of reporting and planned indicators for the use of property. It serves as the basis for monitoring and makes it possible to determine the degree of deviation of the final indicators from the planned ones. Next, it is necessary to establish the reasons for the discrepancies in the data and develop measures aimed at adjusting those areas of activity in which a lag from planned parameters has been identified.

Analysis of financial ratios. The essence of this type of analysis is to calculate the ratio of absolute indicators of the economic activity of an enterprise. During the analysis of financial ratios, relative indicators are determined that characterize the results of the use of property and finances of the enterprise, and their impact on the state of the company as a whole.

Factors for assessing the profitability of enterprise assets. This group of coefficients serves to assess the ability of property and finance to ensure the profitability of the enterprise in the course of business activities and determine the effectiveness of their use both in general and in individual areas.

Indicators used for analysis:

The profitability ratio of the entire mass of assets used (economic profitability ratio). Shows the level of net profit obtained from all assets of the enterprise on its balance sheet. Calculation of this indicator using the formula: Ra = net profit / average value of the enterprise's assets.
Return on sales ratio. Shows the level of profit that the company has from each ruble of products sold. This indicator is calculated using the formula: Ppr = profit from sales / revenue.
Profitability ratio of core activities. Demonstrates the level of profitability of core activities. Calculated using the formula: Type = profit from sales / cost.
Return on equity ratio of the enterprise. Allows you to see the efficiency of using funds owned by the enterprise. The formula used for calculation is: Rsk = net profit / equity capital.
Profitability ratio of operating non-current assets of an enterprise. Allows one to judge the effectiveness of using total fixed assets and intangible assets in the company's operating activities. The calculation is carried out according to the formula: Row = net profit / average cost of operating non-current assets.
The profitability ratio of an enterprise's current assets. Shows the level of profitability of the organization's total current assets and is calculated using the formula: Roa = net profit / average value of the enterprise's current assets.

Ratios for assessing asset liquidity. This group of ratios reflects the company’s ability to ensure timely payments on current financial obligations at the expense of liquid current assets. To assess their liquidity, and therefore the level of solvency of the company, the following indicators are needed:

absolute liquidity ratio, which allows you to determine the solvency of the enterprise as of the balance sheet date. It clearly demonstrates the amount of short-term debt that the company can pay in the near future;
quick liquidity ratio. In its purpose it is similar to the current liquidity ratio, but differs from it in that a narrow range of current assets is taken to calculate it. In the course of studying the dynamics of this coefficient, the factors that influenced its dynamics are also analyzed. For example, an increase in this indicator caused by an increase in accounts receivable negatively characterizes the economic position of the company;
current ratio. Shows how much the company is provided with working capital to timely repay short-term financial obligations;
liquidity ratio when raising funds. Demonstrates the degree of dependence of the company's solvency on material reserves in terms of mobilizing funds to make payments on the company's short-term obligations;
own solvency ratio. Shows whether the company is able to repay its short-term debt obligations using only net working capital;
the solvency recovery ratio allows you to understand the company’s ability to restore full solvency within six months;
the solvency loss ratio warns of the possibility of an enterprise losing its solvency within the next three months.

Turnover estimation coefficients. This group of coefficients determines the turnover rate of formed assets in the process of the company’s economic activities. To some extent, they serve as an indicator of its business (production and commercial) activity.

How to optimize the composition of an enterprise's assets

Optimization of the composition of assets is understood as a process during which the optimal ratio of their various types is determined to ensure the best conditions for economic activity and the maximum level of liquidity. The optimization process includes the following procedures.

Advice!

Taking into account the prospects for the development of the company’s production and commercial activities and its regional diversification. The creation of funds directly depends on the main goals of production activities; therefore, optimization of their volume and composition is closely related to the economic strategy of the organization and the immediate goals of its activities.

Ensuring that the composition of the enterprise's assets corresponds to the structure of production and sales of products. Based on the fact that many types of property are created taking into account the characteristics of the products being manufactured, during the formation of the property fund it is necessary to take into account possible changes in the nomenclature.

Selection of the most progressive types of assets in terms of their ability to provide profit and increase the market value of the company. Today, the market for means of production and the financial market offer companies new tools for the formation of property and non-property funds of the enterprise.

When choosing specific forms, you need to pay attention to their prospects, increased functionality, resistance to obsolescence and many other factors that influence the company’s ability to make a profit and have a positive impact on its market value.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets based on their total turnover. The amount of profit on invested capital directly depends on the turnover rate of the assets in which it is invested. Since the turnover rate (turnover period) of different types is different, when optimizing their composition, it is necessary to select those of them that are characterized by the highest turnover.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of their liquidity. Based on the fact that liquidity is necessary to maintain the solvency of the company and to minimize the risk of bankruptcy, when optimizing the composition, one should strive to have a sufficient part of the property with a high level of liquidity.

Ensuring the optimal composition of assets in terms of minimizing the risk of loss during use. When different types of property are involved, they are exposed to varying degrees of risk of loss.

For example, cash is subject to the negative effects of inflation, inventory items become cheaper as a result of natural loss and damage, active types of fixed assets and intangible property - in the process of obsolescence and depreciation. This means that optimizing the composition involves minimizing the overall risk of losses.

Warning!

The goal of optimizing the assets of an enterprise is to create conditions for the subsequent most efficient use of all types of property, as well as for increasing the profitability of the company. In the optimization process, an enterprise goes through three stages.

At the initial stage, it is necessary to achieve an optimal balance between the active and passive parts of non-current assets that are involved in operating activities.

The second stage involves creating a balance between the active and passive parts of the enterprise’s non-current assets. The active part includes mechanisms and production equipment, without which it is impossible to carry out technological processes. Passive includes buildings and structures, as well as those machines that play an auxiliary role.

The third stage involves creating an optimal ratio of three main types of current assets:

amounts of inventories of inventory items;
amounts of accounts receivable;
amounts of monetary assets.

When optimizing, it is necessary to take into account the industry-specific features of economic activity, the average duration of the operating cycle, as well as an assessment of the positive and negative characteristics of the use of various types of property.

Accounting is perhaps the most difficult topic that an entrepreneur has to deal with. Of course, almost every organization employs a special employee for such calculations. However, in order to carry out the most successful activities, the director of the company himself must understand fundamental financial terms. For example: enterprise assets – what are they? What are they? And what is the formula for calculating them?

Business assets – all physical and monetary property of the company

The assets of an organization are the value of all the property that the company has that is used for the purposes of production and making a profit from the services provided.

There are three sources of enterprise resources based on the form of functioning:

Material(material) are felt by the literal touch of the hand: apartment and garage, buildings and factories, tools and equipment, land, transport, raw materials, final product, jewelry.
Intangible(immaterial) cannot be touched, but only the copyright holder can use them for nothing, the rest will have to pay: intellectual development, patent, computer program, trademark, logo, business reputation, technology, organizational ideas, privileges.
Financial(monetary) mean all non-cash and cash resources: money, currency, insurance policy, securities, shares, bonds, issued loans, deposits, cash.

The assets of an enterprise are characterized by three main parameters:

they make a profit in any case: sooner or later, a lot or a little,
increase their value over time,
the company has the ability to control the use of resources,
the asset already legally, on paper, and not in words, belongs to the company.

Liquidity of the enterprise

Liquidity is the ability to quickly turn any property into “real” money if it is urgently needed.

The resources themselves can be classified according to the degree of their liquidity:

illiquid (transport, equipment, buildings),
low-liquidity (raw materials, goods, materials),
medium liquid (deposits up to six months, loans),
highly liquid (own money in cash, cash on hand, currency, current accounts).

How to determine the most liquid, that is, convertible into money, resource of the company? Make a comparison: the one that will bring the maximum income in the shortest period of time will become the most liquid.

Note that the most highly liquid resources are at the same time the most short-term and circulating, and the illiquid ones are non-current assets.

The degree to which an organization’s liabilities are covered by its assets is the liquidity of balance sheet indicators, according to which we can conclude: how much the company’s income keeps pace with its expenses.

Balance sheet liquidity symbols for assets and liabilities

Assets and liabilities

To understand what a company's assets are, you need to understand the concept of liabilities. Assets and liabilities always go together on a balance sheet.

If assets are property (things or finances) that always generate and increase income (stocks, deposits), then liabilities are property that, although it satisfies daily needs, still requires expenses for repairs and depreciation (apartment, car) .

Let's give an example of how an asset and a liability work. You have 2 million rubles, which you plan to use as you wish. There are two available options for implementing these funds. (All figures are conditional and selected for ease of calculation.)

Option #1. You deposit 2 million rubles at an annual interest rate of 10. Then, after a year, your 2 million will become 2,200 million rubles. In other words, your source of 2 million brought you 200 thousand in additional income.

Option No. 2. For 2 million you buy a one-room apartment in a new building and move into it. You spend 200 thousand rubles on repairs, and another 200 thousand rubles on arrangement and furnishings. The monthly payment for housing and communal services will be about 4 thousand rubles, which means that 48 thousand rubles will be spent on utility needs per year. That is, buying an apartment brought you an expense equal to 448 thousand rubles.

Results: the asset increases itself (if 2,200 million rubles are put back at the same interest rate, in a year the amount will be 2,420 million rubles, and so on), and the liability spends money irrevocably (no one will return the costs of repairs and utility bills)..

However, it should be said about liabilities that they are inevitable, since they satisfy our current needs and generally accompany human or industrial activity.

Liabilities of the enterprise– these are 1) obligations towards other persons that a businessman must fulfill (pay a bank loan, buy raw materials from a supplier, pay salaries to employees, make contributions to government agencies) and 2) contributions to his own authorized capital for the further operation of the company.

Examples of assets and liabilities

Ideally, indicators for resources at the end of the billing period should exceed indicators for liabilities or at least be equal to them.

In this case, we can talk about successful business development. Otherwise, it is worth taking care to analyze the effectiveness of the strategy being pursued, since when the income from active resources remains negative over a long period of time, the company may sooner or later go bankrupt.

Current and non-current assets

An organization's assets are used in the course of its activities. Based on involvement in the process of production itself, accounting reports allocate current and non-current resources.

Non-current (or basic) resources include both tangible and intangible resources, as well as financial resources:

land,
private reservoirs and subsoil,
forests,
structures and buildings,
transport,
equipment,
trade marks,
patents,
securities,
financial obligations.

That is, non-current resources are the very solid foundation thanks to which it was possible to create a company (authorized capital, property owned, workers) and organize its production activities.

When an organization already exists and is ready to start working, working resources come into play.

The current assets of an enterprise are property and finances, thanks to which the current production process is implemented.

Because of their full involvement in the operations of creating a product, they are often called operational and short-term, because they are consumed within one year.

What is included in current assets

Current (or current) resources include tangible and intangible property:
equipment,
transport,
machines,
technologies,

organizational ideas.

Financial assets among current assets are found only of a short-term nature, that is, those that can be quickly withdrawn and spent on production needs: for example, inventories, cash on hand, securities, loans. But all long-term financial resources (stocks, bonds, deposits) cannot be considered among current assets.

Core and non-core assets

Depending on the direction of business and the type of activity of the enterprise, core and non-core resources are distinguished.

Core assets are those property and finances that are directly used to implement production and marketing activities.

These are almost all the savings of an enterprise, since they correspond to the type of activity, and therefore without them it will be impossible to develop and make a profit.
Non-core assets are any property and finances that are not currently used by the organization and generate only expenses. A similar situation exists as consequences:
privatization,

re-profiling, transition to a new market segment,

The best example of a non-core resource is the property of debtors, which the bank seizes in order to pay off debts on financial obligations. Often banks strive to sell newly acquired property as quickly as possible, but sometimes it is difficult to do this in a short time, so banks are forced to maintain ballast for some time.

Although the state reserves the right of further actions for the owners of such property, the long-term maintenance of non-core assets that do not work for the company and do not generate income can be costly for the entrepreneur: they have to pay property taxes, as well as make payments to housing and communal services.

Thus, the most rational solution would be to sell or transfer ownership of the object. But owners of non-core property should be prepared for the lowest price to be offered for them.

Net assets

Based on the source of formation, gross and net resources are distinguished.

The gross asset consists of equity and loans that were taken out at interest (on credit). Typically, such resources are not taken into account when final accounting is made.

Net assets are the total amount of cash that could be obtained if the entire production was sold. In simple words, net resource means the bottom line value of the entire company, minus all debts.

It is by the indicators of net resources that the degree of well-being of the company is assessed.

To calculate the net asset balance, the amount of liabilities is subtracted from the amount of assets.

Calculation of the net assets of an enterprise on the balance sheet

Every entrepreneur knows that it is impossible to successfully develop in the chosen market segment if you do not analyze key financial indicators, which include net resources, from time to time.

When calculating your net savings, you need to check your balance for the following:

quarterly (optional) and annually (required),
display in the annual financial report.

The calculation of the net resources of an enterprise, given by the Ministry of Finance in Order No. 84n of 2014, can be used by:

State Unitary Enterprise, Municipal Unitary Enterprise,
cooperatives,
business partners.

What are the company's net assets on the balance sheet? A separate special indicator, with line code 3600, according to Order of the Ministry of Finance No. 66n dated July 2, 2010. To calculate them, the amount of liabilities and future income should be subtracted from the value of assets (current, non-current).

The formula for calculating net assets on the balance sheet looks like this:

(Ak – Duch – Zva) – (P – Db) = CHA, Where

Ak– assets,

Duch– debt of the founders to the authorized capital (if any),

Zva– costs of purchasing shares of the company from co-owners (if any),

P– liabilities,

db- future income,

CHA– net assets.

Evaluation of the results of calculating net assets

The result of calculations of net assets on the balance sheet can be an indicator that will largely determine the company’s future development strategy.

If the analysis reveals negative net resources, then this indicates the possible bankruptcy of the enterprise, because income does not keep pace with expenses.

The exception is a recently opened organization that requires a longer period to stabilize its economic indicators. The authorized capital also plays an important role in the assessment.

Compare the result obtained from calculating net resources: if it is greater than the authorized capital, then the enterprise can continue to exist, making a profit; if less, then the company will face inevitable collapse and should be closed voluntarily, because in the future it will make its owners bankrupt.

In custody

The assets of an enterprise are the total property and financial property of the company, the presence of which determines the existence and activities of the company. But to obtain maximum profits, it is important to make calculations of net rusers from time to time and adjust development strategies. Only in this case can you hope that your business will not only be economically viable today, but will also continue to develop tomorrow.

It is one of the fundamental ones in the field of economics and accounting. In order to correctly determine what belongs to this category, you need to clearly understand which tangible and intangible concepts relate to assets and which to liabilities.

Net assets

So what is included in the assets of the enterprise? The fundamental document that reflects the list of assets is. Ideally, the sum of all the company's assets should be equal to the total value of the liabilities - in the jargon of specialists this is called “the balance has converged”. At its core, this form is very simple, it has only two columns into which all tangible and intangible items owned by the enterprise are distributed.

The sum of all assets in the calculation process includes any property that can be used to generate profit from the activity. However, the following are not included here:

Receivable obligations to founders and shareholders.
Debts on contributions.
Enterprise transfers.

An important point: this category includes only income items that the company currently has - assets that can bring profit in the future are not taken into account in the formula. That is, this does not include government assistance to an enterprise (cooperative, farm), as well as gratuitous receipt of property - their procedure for inclusion in accounting reports is of a general nature.

If you have in your hands a financial report of an enterprise for a certain period (most often a quarter), then the procedure for calculating the assets of the enterprise looks like this:

We take data from line 1600 of the accounting report.
We subtract from it the debt of the founders for contributions to the authorized capital.
We get a certain number.
From it we subtract the sum of data from lines 1400 and 1500.
We add to the resulting value the future periods described in the paragraph above (state assistance and gratuitous receipt of property).

At the same time, in the professional environment, document flow and theory, the concepts of “net assets” and “equity capital” for an enterprise are equivalent values. This is also enshrined in the federal law regulating authorized capital.

Financial asset

A financial asset is the totality of all property of an individual entrepreneur, enterprise or other type of legal entity. These include:

cash reserves
before the company
available funds

There is also a division of this category into two subtypes: current and non-current assets. They are indicated separately in all forms of accounting documentation.

There are several key characteristics that distinguish property and funds on the balance sheet from others:

an asset gives an enterprise or entrepreneur an opportunity in the future to use it
the company or individual entrepreneur has the legal right to receive this profit
an agreement or procedure for the transfer of an asset to the use of an enterprise has already occurred and is a fait accompli

Intangible or intangible assets

In addition to tangible assets, an enterprise may also have other, intangible forms. Their key feature is the lack of measurability and tangibility. However, such assets still provide the opportunity to make a profit from business activities in the future, which still classifies them in this category and requires them to be accounted for. These include:

Intangible resources in the field of management and organization.
Unrealized technologies owned by the enterprise.
Reputation of the entrepreneur or joint stock company.
Capitalized rights.
Privileges (for example, to carry out work on orders, etc.).
Advantages of the enterprise over competitors.
Tools for control over the sale of goods and services.
Insurance guarantees.
Intellectual property of any kind (patents, ).
Rights to use property.

Non-current production assets

It is well known that the activity of a company is possible only if it has financial resources or property that can be exploited for business or other economic activities. That is, any used object that is related to the activities of the organization is classified as the company’s property. The primary array of non-current assets is created through a mandatory contribution procedure, the purpose of which is to create the authorized capital.

The Civil Code classifies the following objects as division of property:

land plots
subsoil areas
buildings of any type
forested areas
transport (sea, river, air, land)

The remaining values are classified as movable property by law. This should include securities, money, financial obligations. It is the sum of fixed assets and intangible objects that are non-current assets of production. In fact, they fit into a triad that ensures the start of a company’s activities (labor resources, objects and, in fact, labor itself).

Current (operating) assets

Current assets, often called operating assets, include all tangible and intangible objects that have currently (or in the current reporting period) been used to generate profit. It is immediately worth noting that the inclusion of long-term financial liabilities here is erroneous - this inaccuracy can often be found in poorly prepared accounting reports. The following assets are also not included in the current assets:

accounts receivable
unfinished construction projects
faulty equipment
means of labor that have not yet been brought into working condition (for example, purchased machines that are not installed in the workshop)

In accounting, the operating assets ratio plays a significant role - this is the sum of all operating assets that are currently used to generate profit. In fact, the ratio of assets operated to total provides useful information about the enterprise. Based on it, government agencies assess the ability of production to operate uninterruptedly and generate profits.

Non-core assets

There is one more column in the accounting and financial statements, which is also required to be filled out and can provide certain information about the current activities of the enterprise - the volume of non-core assets. Essentially, this concept describes any property of a company or business association that is not currently used to generate income. These may even include facilities such as kindergartens and clinics - this is an echo of the first wave of privatization that occurred in the decade before last.

There is also a scenario in which non-core assets arose due to a change in the orientation of the enterprise: due to the closure of production lines, choice in favor of another market segment, re-profiling. As practice shows, the most appropriate is the transfer or sale of non-core assets, but the law does not oblige joint stock companies and companies to do this. The fact is that long-term maintenance of such objects increases the number of expense items.

As a result, the company's assets are those objects that are used to generate profit from business activities. Also included here is property that can be used for these purposes, but has not been used until now.

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