home / Sberbank / Most skeptical people are rated. Skeptical statements of famous people about inventions (13 photos). Antonio Damasio calls the feelings that direct our thoughts and decisions in one direction or another, somatic markers. The anticipation of satisfaction
13.11.2021

Most skeptical people are rated. Skeptical statements of famous people about inventions (13 photos). Antonio Damasio calls the feelings that direct our thoughts and decisions in one direction or another, somatic markers. The anticipation of satisfaction

1.Daniel Tammet, an autistic person from the UK, has difficulty speaking,
does not distinguish between left and right, does not know how to insert a plug into an outlet,
but at the same time he easily performs the most complex mathematical calculations in his mind.

“I represent numbers as visual images. They have color, structure, shape, - says Tammet. - Number sequences appear in my mind as landscapes. Like pictures. It is as if the universe with its fourth dimension appears in my head. "


Daniel knows by heart 22,514 digits following the decimal point in pi, and speaks eleven languages: English, French, Finnish, German, Estonian, Spanish, Romanian, Icelandic (learned in 7 days), Lithuanian (he prefers him), Welsh and in Esperanto.

2. A young man from Sacramento (California) - Ben Underwood (Ben Underwood) - was born a completely healthy child, but his eyes were surgically removed due to cancer of the retina at the age of three. However, Ben continued to live the full life of a sighted person.

However, he never had a guide dog or a cane; he does not help himself with his hands, even if he moves in an unfamiliar room. Instead, Ben uses his tongue, making clicks that bounce off nearby objects.


The studies of doctors showed that the boy's hearing did not sharpen, as compensation for the loss of vision - he has the hearing of an ordinary average person - just Ben's brain learned to translate sounds into visual information, which makes the young man look like a bat or a dolphin - he is able to capture echoes, and based on this echo to determine the exact location of objects.


3. Daniel Smith - a gutta-percha man from the United States who is a five-time Guinness record holder, began to twist his body at the age of four, believing that he was not doing anything special. But soon Daniel realized what talent he possesses, and at the age of 18 he ran away from home with a circus troupe.

Since then, the "rubber man" has participated in many circus and acrobatic performances, basketball and baseball games, has been a guest on most famous television shows and programs. Among them: Men in Black 2, HBO's Carnivale, CSI: NY, and others.

The most flexible person living today does incredible things with his body: he easily crawls through a hole in a tennis racket and through a toilet seat, and also knows how to curl up into incredible knots and compositions, and move his heart along his chest. Doctors believe that incredible flexibility was given to Daniel from birth, but he himself pushed it to the maximum possible limit.


4. Frenchman Michael Lotito (Michel Lotito), born in 1950, discovered his amazing abilities at the age of 9 - scaring his parents to death, he ate the TV. From 16 he began to entertain people for money, eating metal, glass, rubber. Interestingly, Lotito's body never showed any side effects, even when the food eaten contained toxic substances.


Usually the object is disassembled into pieces, cut into pieces, and Lotito swallows them with water. The omnivorous Michael, nicknamed "Monsieur Eat It All", got into the Guinness Book of Records for having eaten the Cessna-150 aircraft. in a day.


The last X-ray showed that there were still pieces of metal left in Lotito's body. And he has not died yet only because the walls of his stomach are twice as thick as those of the average person.


5. Radhakrishnan Velu, known as the "Tooth King", also possesses a rare ability. This Malaysian practices tug of vehicles with his teeth.


On August 30, 2007, on the eve of Malaysia's 50th Independence Day, this man broke his own record by dragging a train with his own teeth.


This time the train consisted of 6 cars and weighed 297 tons. Harikrishnan managed to push the train 2.8 meters.


6. Liew Thow Lin is a man magnet. At 70, Harikrishnan's compatriot Velu managed to drag a car through with an iron chain attached to an iron plate on his stomach.

Liv Tou Lin considers the ability to attract metal objects to be hereditary, since his 3 sons and 2 grandchildren are also endowed with the same amazing and incredible gift.


Scientists, meanwhile, are trying to explain this phenomenon to no avail: there is no magnetic field around the Malaysian, and his skin is all right.


7. Thai Ngoc, a 64-year-old Vietnamese, has forgotten what sleep is after he got a fever in 1973.


“I don’t know how insomnia affects health,” he says, “but I’m quite healthy and can manage the house just as well as others.” As proof, Ngoc mentions that he carries two 50-kilogram bags of fertilizer a few kilometers from home every day.


And during the medical examination, the doctors did not find any diseases in the Vietnamese, except for minor abnormalities in the liver.


8. Tim Cridland is a painless person. Back in school, the "King of Torture" amazed classmates when, without batting an eye, he pierced his hands with needles and painlessly withstood any heat and cold.


And today Tim is showing terrifying things to large audiences across America. To do this, he had to study anatomy for a long time. After all, when the admiring eyes of the audience look at you, safety is above all.


Scientific studies have shown that Tim has a much higher pain limit than the average person. Otherwise, he is no different from ordinary people. Including - the degree of damage caused when piercing the body with hairpins, as well as the chance of death with these injuries.


9. Kevin Richardson (Kevin Richardson), relying on instinct, is friends with the family of cats, only not domestic, but predatory. Without the slightest fear for his life, Kevin can spend the night with the lions.


Cheetahs and leopards, capable of tearing a person apart in a split second if they wish, take the biologist for their own. Even unpredictable hyenas are so used to Kevin that a female hyena, for example, allows him to pick up newborn babies.


“I rely on intuition to weigh my chances when dealing with animals. I will never get close to the beast if I feel that something is wrong, - says Richardson. “I don’t use sticks, whips or chains, only patience. It's dangerous, but for me it's a passion, not a job. "


10. Claudio Pinto from the city of Belo Horizonte is better known as a man with bulging eyes, because he is able to bulge his eyes 4 cm, that is, 95% of the eye orbits.

Pinto has gone through many medical examinations, and doctors say they have never seen a person who can do this with their eyes before.

“It's a pretty easy way to make money. I can goggle 4 centimeters - it's a gift from God, and I feel happy,” says Claudio.

Everyone is familiar with the expression "Unbeliever Thomas" from childhood. Moreover, it is rare that a person is called this very Thomas in a positive sense. Often, a skeptic is perceived as a stubborn person and even "armored." But is this statement true? Perhaps you should trust others more? Could there be negative consequences for the skeptic due to his demeanor? Or, on the contrary, distrust makes life easier for a person, protecting him from negative consequences? In this case, it is even better to be a skeptic. But why, then, are they not much loved? We will confidentially talk about all this further.

Who is a skeptic?

A skeptic is a person who is suspicious of any incoming information. For the sake of fairness, it is worth noting that we are all a bit skeptics in childhood, testing the warnings of adults on our own skin. Until we hit our own "bumps", we do not begin to become more careful. This personality trait is called skepticism..

Then, several times convinced of the validity of other people's advice, people are divided into two opposite camps. In one gullible representatives of humanity gather. In a different camp - inveterate skeptics. Someone prefers to listen to others, while others continue to fill "bumps" with their own efforts. To say that this is good or bad will not be correct, since everything depends on the specific situation. Let's talk about the pros and cons of skeptics a little further. The main thing to learn is that since they have not died out as a result of social evolution, it means that this type of personality has its own competitive advantages. Moreover, they took shape at the level of social thinking, claiming to be one of the ways of world perception.

So skepticism as a philosophical doctrine, originated in Ancient Greece, in the period after Aristotle. The sources of this direction can be considered the works of the philosopher Xenophanes. Further skepticism was formed under the influence of Pyrrho, Arkesilaus, Enesidius, Agrippa and Sextus Empiricus, who doubted the possibility of finding the truth. If this is not possible, then it is better to be guided by criteria of practical behavior based on "reasonable likelihood". The body of knowledge and attitudes formed in the course of everyday life is called common sense. People should rely on him in any incomprehensible situation.

One of the types of skeptics can be considered who do not believe in the positivity of the motives of human behavior. develops in response to life situations that demonstrate the validity of such judgments. It is not typical for children, appearing and progressing already in adulthood. Many leaders tend to be distrustful and cynical people who always calculate ulterior motives.

The extreme degree of skepticism can be considered nihilism- complete denial of any kind of knowledge. This approach has a destructive effect, since it rejects any truths and foundations. A person with this type of thinking is distinguished by his unsteadiness in his gaze, an extreme degree of mistrust and a complete denial of everything that is possible.

If we talk about skeptics in a global philosophical context, then the most widespread scientific skepticism, rejecting all judgments that cannot be proven experimentally.

This variety is the most productive a, since it is the foundation of science. A skeptic, by and large, is a classical scientist who denies all pseudoscientific hypotheses. One of the tools of scientific skepticism is called "" - a logical principle that cuts off any untenable views of the world.

The skeptic is a common phenomenon and there is a chance that you will stumble upon it anywhere. We will talk further about how to quickly recognize this type of personality in the interlocutor.

How do you recognize a skeptic?

What a skeptic is in front of you can be determined quickly enough. First of all, in the manner of communication. Such a person has a reduced emotionality. He shows stubbornness, distrust, which can even border on rudeness. Any new information instantly requires confirmation with facts, specific examples, situations from life. It is not enough for him to hear that the Earth is round. The skeptic wants to be convinced of this with his own eyes, at least in photographs from space. Although, in the case of extremely expressed skepticism, he will not believe even in the photo, believing that it is a fake and montage.

Physiognomy experts argue that a skeptic can also be recognized externally. This type of personality corresponds to a lean physique, pointed facial features. This approach should not be absolutized, but there is a rational grain in it.

Is it good or bad to be a skeptic?

The main question on this topic is is it good to be a skeptic? Definitely better than naive simpletons. Perhaps constant doubts periodically complicate life, but they protect a person from rash actions.

The benefits of skeptics.

The skeptic is much less susceptible to suggestion and manipulation. He is less likely to fall prey to scams and advertising gimmicks. It is unlikely that such a person will believe in the sincerity of a street fortune teller, another presidential candidate, or a sales agent who obsessively promotes his product. Moreover, the skeptic will not believe that a ton of gasoline accidentally evaporated from the tank, and several hectares of forest by themselves disappeared from the face of the Earth. These qualities make it suitable for regulatory and law enforcement agencies as well as auditors. But it also has its drawbacks, because not everyone wants to live with an “inspector” under one roof.

Disadvantages of skeptics.

The greatest manifestation of the shortcomings of this type of personality falls on the sphere of interpersonal relations. Being extremely suspicious and distrustful makes it difficult to communicate with the opposite sex, friends and family. The meticulousness of the skeptic sometimes tires his interlocutors. After all, people do not always keep in mind the source of their knowledge, they cannot refer to factual material on demand. Especially when it comes to generally accepted truths.

The skeptic himself from time to time is not happy with his character. For example, when you need to make a decision quickly, without analysis and long deliberation. And, if the cries "Move away, the tree falls," the skeptic, with his usual manner, will begin to meticulously analyze the correctness of the shouting person, he risks becoming a "hero" of the next news release. So, skepticism does not always protect a person from sad consequences.

How to deal with a skeptic?

First of all, you need to acquire a whole arsenal of arguments and facts. The skeptic likes clear reasons. If you offer him to do something, it is advisable to foresee all possible risks. For example, there was a "last minute" ticket to Turkey for two. Why is it so cheap? Perhaps others just abandoned her? What if the sea is out of season now? There can be a million questions, and you have to be ready to answer all of them.

On the other hand, having received a skeptic in your team, you can be sure that he will scrupulously calculate all the scenarios for the development of events, and warn against possible "pitfalls". This quality is very useful in any team, as it helps to correct the actions of romantics and idealists, "grounding" their violent imagination.

How to Raise a Skeptic?

To begin with, it is worth answering the question, why bring up a skeptic at all? More precisely, why develop skepticism in a person? Of course, teaching children not to trust outsiders is the right thing to do. But to develop cynicism and distrust of everyone and everything is also not an option.

Human socialization relies on interaction with others... Trust is an important component of this process. Without it, it is impossible to build a normal family, friendship, cooperation. Of course, trusting everyone indiscriminately is not right. But pushing people away with excessive suspicion is fraught with bad consequences.

It is best to educate a child in a spirit of harmony with himself and the world around him, developing in him, in addition to critical thinking skills, the ability to trust people.

Do not think that a skeptic is necessarily a callous and rude person. It all depends on the severity of this quality. Sometimes, the ability to doubt helps to avoid fraud and deception. This type of personality is less susceptible to external influence, thus always having his own opinion. On the other hand, excessive doubts make it difficult to establish connections and build relationships, which should be taken into account by all distrustful people. It is best to trust in moderation, and not to oppress others with your suspicion.


Temperament is directly related to the energy status of a person, and you cannot belittle its value in any way. Most of our vital reactions are explained precisely by the energy state. There is energy, and we are cheerful, cheerful, benevolent. There is no energy, we begin to get angry, we turn sour, we give up. The type of human temperament is designed to give answers to two main questions: first, where, in what element (nature, space, biofield, information) do these or those signs draw strength? And second - how do the signs see the world - light and joyful or dark and ugly?

The classic names of temperaments are in the following correspondence: Natural optimists - sanguine, Cosmic optimists - phlegmatic, Skeptic signs - melancholic, Dramatic signs - choleric.

Natural optimists - Boar, Horse, Ox

From the name of the group it is obvious that Horses, Boars and Bulls should be taken directly from nature, swimming in rivers, lakes and seas, walking on steppes, forests and deserts, climbing mountains, plunging into depths, crossing meridians and parallels.

Of course, each person is free to find his own personal specifics - someone gives more energy to the forest, to someone - the sea. The most important thing is to separate the "flies from the cutlets". Not the sea as a place of communication with people, but the sea itself, as much as possible of people cleansed. Likewise, a trip to the forest should not have a picnic with colleagues as a goal, but specifically to communicate with the forest.

It is very important that nature is spectrally pure: clean smells, not stained landscapes, the taste of spring water, the sounds of the wind without admixture of industrial noises. It is this perception that will return a person to memories of a primitive state. Therefore, in emergency cases of energy depletion, it is necessary for a while to completely run wild, to become a goblin, water or snow man.

All this does not mean that natural optimists should live exclusively in nature. The car does not sit idle all day at the gas station. Refueled and drove on. Likewise, a natural optimist should turn to nature precisely when the batteries are low and it's time to recharge.

The role of Natural optimists in the energy pyramid of mankind is extremely great: taking energy where it is full - sunsets, sunrises, surf, noise of rain, rustling of leaves - optimists will give energy to the Dramatizers, who, in turn, will "feed" the Skeptics, who will create the basis for the existence of the Cosmists.

The colors with which optimists paint the world are the most joyful. There is a specificity: Horses most easily express their love of life in books for children and musical works, in Bulls energy most powerfully flows from paintings, and Boars are especially cheerful in cinema - more actors, but also directors.

Natural optimists are the most ardent promoters of the natural way of life, as well as the main advocates and guides of nature.

The bull is a sincere and joyful son, and his energetic state depends only on the degree of devotion to one or another natural element. People of this temperament are deeply optimistic by nature, and are also strongly energetically involved in the life of nature.

Therefore, each Ox must take care of the presence of a personal lake or sea, forest, steppe, hill, mountain from which he could draw energy for life. You can, of course, use natural objects of mass consumption, but it will turn out to be some kind of surrogate, anyway, like a prostitute instead of a mother, or a prostitute instead of a wife, excuse the expression. Only a personal natural object or an object that is shared with a minimum number of energy brothers and sisters will provide a high-quality and sufficient amount of energy.

But the Bull should not switch to alternative energy sources. You should not engage in energy theft from other people, you should not look for energy in space or in world wisdom, these are the types of fuel that will not add strength to the Bull, moreover, they can break his entire energy balance. So no fantasies, everything should be simple. I felt tired, longing for my throat, gathered my simple belongings in an armful and march to nature. It is enough to wander through the forest, go fishing, and your strength will be restored. Bulls especially love hunting. Many aspirations of the Bull converge in the hunt.

Excessively poking around in himself, wandering in the labyrinths of his own consciousness for the Bull is energetically unsafe, in such situations he loses energy, not gaining anything in return. It should be for the bull to be simple, natural, to equip his life against the background of everything, as they say, primordial, homespun, condo.

Look who on our screen promotes life in nature - a friend of all animals Nikolai Drozdov, a friend of all travelers Yuri Senkevich. The first is the heir in spirit of Alfred Brem, the second, probably, Georgy Sedov. American writer Henry Thoreau was an ideologist and preacher of life in nature. He called himself "the caretaker of rains and snows".

The ability for the Ox to use an almost endless energy loan imposes certain obligations on him. The bull should not be too small, should not unnecessarily save his strength. Well, too small a scale does not suit the Bull! With such a powerful temperament, deeds should be powerful. After all, a bull is not a mouse to sit in a hole, if you really get down to business, so proportionate to its mighty strength. Moreover, the Bull has the duty not only to drag the heaviest cart, but also to drag it with the maximum vitality, enthusiasm and joy. Take an example from Nikolai Drozdov. Not a young man, but always cheerful, cheerful and cheerful. He lived on an island in "The Last Hero", was the most vigorous and cheerful, even sailed to sleep in the open sea. Wow!

If we talk about more objective criteria for measuring optimism and love of life, then here their painting serves as an excellent illustration for the joyful, colorful perception of the world by the Bulls. The painting of El Greco was very colorful for its gloomy time, very light and joyful - by Sandro Botticelli and even lighter - by Auguste Renoir. As for Van Gogh's painting, it's just a riot of colors. Our Valentin Serov, Arkhip Kuindzhi and Ivan Aivazovsky, if they lag behind the world's brightest color schemes, are not much behind.

Vladimir Korolenko perfectly expressed his joyful view of the world, who put unprecedented strength into his famous phrase: "Man is created for happiness, like a bird for flight."

Horse

Among other Natural optimists, the Horse stands out for its absolutely irrepressible temperament. Sometimes there is so much energy that sanity and prudence, which, it would seem, are so rich in the Horse, are already in danger. Sometimes indignation will surge with energy, bite off the ears of your enemies. The best way to release energy, though, is through singing. Can you imagine someone insulting the Horse, and the Horse boils and sings an aria from the opera?

Interestingly, an excess of energy does not prevent the Horse from falling into a love blues and even. The same depressive state awaits Horses if they are too actively involved in social activities. So with a large energy income, the Horses have large expenses. You can even say that the Horse is an energy spender who does not know how to save every calorie and is used to energy excesses.

In any case, if the Horse still managed to fall into an energy pit, then it is necessary to improve health not in communication and not in love games, God forbid, but exclusively in nature. To the nature, brothers, to her dear! However, the natural component is easy to see in equine optimism. Among the great nature lovers, Vitaly Bianki, Vitaly Peskov ... And yet it should be noted that the optimism of Horses is not always reckless. This stems from the Horses' desire for a real assessment of the situation.

If we are looking for an objective way to determine temperament, then it is necessary to turn to the literature created by the Horse writers, to see how their books end, because only the ending determines the author's temperament. The work itself can be as sad as you like, but the ending is necessarily optimistic. Among the brightest writers are Korney Chukovsky, Yulian Tuvim, Isaac Babel, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Boris Zakhoder, Alexander Milne, Agnia Barto. It is easy to notice the inclination of these bright people to children's literature. The films of George Danelia or Alexander Rowe always end up optimistically.

Boar

Boars derive their energy from the simplest and most common natural phenomena. The sun has risen - good, set over the horizon - even better. Everything external is more attractive to them than internal. Fishing, picking mushrooms, catching butterflies - everything is interesting and important.

Selfless merry fellows, fanatical fans of anecdotes, collectors of many sayings and tales that pour out of them in an endless stream. Some Boars seem calm and even phlegmatic. In fact, they never have real melancholy, just some Pigs are fans of black humor.

Art, the world of ideas, can become a true indicator that determines the temperament of a sign. The Kaban writers have a special relationship with nature: Hemingway is the singer of fishing and hunting, Vladimir Nabokov is the singer of butterflies; Sergei Aksakov, among other things, became famous for his "Notes on a Fish Dinner" and "Notes of a Rifle Hunter". In a word, the Pig is an athletic, tanned, fit, well versed in the intricacies of fishing, hunting, appropriate equipment, dexterously climbing mountain peaks and descending into the depths of the sea.

Great travelers such as Nikolai Przhevalsky or Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, the great geneticist Nikolai Vavilov, the philosopher Albert Schweitzer - they all feel at home in field conditions. Their energy is always where mountains, forests and other jungles are. Even in the philosophical systems being created, a natural Boar is visible. The same Albert Schweitzer invented that admiration for life is the basis for the moral renewal of mankind.

A logical question: can a Pig, in principle, be embraced by depression, despondency, discouragement? Of course, this is possible, life has many ways to bring a person to exhaustion. Such a powerful emitter of energy like the Boar literally draws crowds of people who like to profit from a free gift. And when they get to the tasty energy source, they will try to drink it to the bottom. Well, it is enough for a bloodless Pig to escape from this crowd and, in absolute solitude, go to his favorite place, where, in communication with nature, one-on-one, gain new strength.

Space optimists - Tiger, Rooster, Dragon

Cosmic optimism on the main question - where to get the strength? - answers very vaguely - in space. Of course, we are not talking about the space where the rockets fly. We are talking about the world of dreams, illusions, prayers. Someone will meditate, someone will go to church to pray, another will need high poetry to connect to space, and someone just needs to lie down on the sofa and sleep for an hour or two, so that the body is replenished with strength.

Thus, if natural energy flows into a person at the moment when his feelings are as open as possible, then cosmic energy will enter if you disconnect from the outside world as much as possible and turn to that very inner space. Temples and prayer houses must meet these conditions. Everything in them should be anti-natural - alien smells, alien sounds, alien light. The thicker the walls of the temple, the easier it is for Cosmists to connect to their type of fuel.

The coloration of the world, produced by cosmic optimists, is bright enough, but not too joyful. There is still something lean, sluggish and jelly-like in religious and meditative techniques. Moreover, cosmic energy is asocial. She appeals to detachment from the bustle of the world. They say that our earthly life is a temporary state, and therefore is it worth it to twitch especially. Unlike Natural optimism, an active, socially oriented temperament, Cosmic optimism removes a person from human joys and sorrows, lifts him above society, above vanity, setting him up in a philosophical way.

Temperament slogan: "Whatever happens - everything is for the best." Cosmists are confident in the victory of world good in any scenario of life. It is easy for such people to believe in God. Actually, cosmic optimism is faith in God, who sees everything and will reward everyone according to their merits. Cosmic optimists are philosophical people, be they a professor or a man from the plow. At an ordinary level, this manifests itself as detachment from human passions, the confidence that everything will be well, and therefore there is no reason for worry.

Tiger

The obscure designation of the tiger temperament as phlegmatic will explain almost nothing in a person. It is another matter if one understands that the source of tiger energy is space. Everything falls into place at once. Explains the tiger in the most peak situations, an ironic grin and a holy confidence that everything will be fine. From cosmic heights from wise eternity, everything seems so small and insignificant.

No matter how awful the life of the Tiger is, he continues to create with light and joy. A terrible illness twisted the painter Boris Kustodiev, and by the end of his life his paintings became brighter and more cheerful. The illness of the writer Venedikt Erofeev was terrifying, but his view of the world did not darken under her yoke. The same can be said about the composer Ludwig Van Beethoven, who created the most powerful and luminous music during the period of his life when he was deaf, sick and poor.

If the circumstances of life are favorable, then the Tigers find a way to tighten these circumstances to the limit. The darling of fate, a noble prince, a chamber-page of Alexander II, heir to rich estates, a gallant officer, future theorist of anarchism Pyotr Kropotkin leaves his career and leaves for the wildest wilderness on the Amur. Oscar Wilde (also Tiger) called him one of the two truly happy people he happened to meet. According to Romain Rolland (another Tiger), "Kropotkin was in life what Tolstoy would like to become, naturally embodying in his personality that ideal of moral purity, calm clear self-denial and perfect love for people, which Tolstoy's restless genius wanted to achieve all his life and achieved only in art. "

The most obvious manifestations of temperament in the films of the Tigers. You can't say that Andrzej Wajda or Aleksey German avoid showing the negative sides of being. Everything in their films is there: dirt, betrayal, murder, and suicide. And you leave the hall in a light and high spirits - you understand that everything bad will pass and a beautiful garden will bloom on Earth.

In men, tiger optimism sometimes contradicts their tough will. But for women, a bright cosmic smile is extremely suitable for the face. If the Tiger is exhausted and falls into a depressive state, then he does not need to run for energy either into the forest to the trees, or to people, or to wisdom. The power of the Tiger is in solitude, in thick walls that separate both from people and from nature. Meditation, prayer, and maybe reading poetry - in a word, everything that lifts us above the world. They sometimes know how to refuel with cosmic energy in a short, almost instant dream.

The Dragon

Of all the star children, the Dragon is the most natural and manifest. Involvement in cosmic energy sources in the Dragon is somehow obvious to everyone. Going out onto the balcony on a clear starry night and communicating with the stars for the Dragon is a common thing. As for the notorious cosmic cold that blows from phlegmatic people, in the Dragon it is fully compensated by the warmth of the sign of love. This cocktail gives a wonderful result - calmness and poise, but without a chilling cold in the eyes.

I don’t remember Dragons waving their arms, stamping their feet and sparkling eyes. Even in a state of extreme excitement, the Dragon looks restrained and correct. Among the historical characters, demoniac Dragons are also not remembered. And this despite the fact that the Dragon has enough fix ideas and problems. But he deals with them calmly enough. And, on the contrary, the number of Dragons is extremely large, demonstratively, well, just emphatically calm, who do not speak, but downright whisper and are about to fall asleep in the hottest conversation.

Having lulled vigilance, softening and relaxing others as much as possible, the Dragon begins to freak out, because behind a quiet blissful smile dreams of any degree of madness can be hidden. However, this temperament is not socially active, human problems do not become close to the Dragon. Abstract schemes seem to be much more important to them. Therefore, Friedrich Engels, a kind, good man, wrote a book in which he substantiated the idea that children should be taken away from their mothers and driven into some public institutions.

Draconian ideas are always too theoretical. We rarely talk about real people. Without thinking about people, Spengler wrote his "Decline of Europe". Friedrich Nietzsche also wrote about the coming of the "Superman", and Vasily Rozanov created his "Apocalypse of Our Time". It may seem to someone that the works of Sigmund Freud are very specific, after all, a psychiatrist. But in reality, his ideas were of very little importance.

Cosmic optimism inclines a person to abstract philosophizing, not very much connected with a real person. Moreover, if most of the Dragon philosophers were included in the encyclopedia not for real scientific merit, but rather as examples of the eccentricity of human thought, then one of them is rightfully considered the king of philosophical thought - this is the great Kaliningrad citizen Immanuel Kant. He has "Critique of Pure Reason" and "Critique of Practical Reason", but at the same time he did not become only a destroyer, having found and approved many clever ideas.

Rooster

The Rooster's cosmism is not immediately striking; on a visual level, it contradicts the active, effective psychology of the sign. How is cosmic dreaminess and mundane activity combined in one person? Well, these qualities are more often at war with each other than they get along peacefully. For example, the legendary inability to get things done is, in a sense, related to the Rooster getting tired. And he can replenish his strength only in one and only way - through dreams, relaxation and isolation from the world.

For a sociable and hard-working Rooster, this method of eliminating an energy deficit seems unexpected. Seclusion, prayer, daydreaming? Is there a mistake here? The fact is that the Rooster is somewhat biased towards skepticism. He, of course, must dream, pray and appeal to meditative values. But to do all this without excessive fanaticism. It is necessary to alternate the search for nirvana with active scouring through the life field.

And yet Cosmic optimism with its philosophizing and supra-worldliness remains the flag of the sign. "Chairman of the Globe" Velemir Khlebnikov created a "star language". Alexander Chizhevsky tried to connect world history with the influence of the sun. One can recall the philosophy of Kierkegaard, the poetry of Navoi, the prose of Faulkner, the cinema of Grigory Chukhrai, but the music of the sign speaks best of all about the cosmos of the Rooster. To some extent Giuseppe Verdi, but more to Richard Wagner, who synthesized the philosophical, poetic and musical principles. The majestic musical dramas based on mythological plots are exactly what corresponds most of all to the cosmic scale of the Rooster.

Two other Cosmic optimists - the Tiger and the Dragon - pull their cosmicity out of their own takeoff. From this, the Tiger and the Dragon have much more philosophers and poets. The rooster, on the other hand, has to combine his cosmic attitude with down-to-earth psychology.

Dramatic signs - Snake, Rat, Goat

The main problem - where to get the energy - is easily solved by these signs, because there are so many "wineskins" around, in which the life-giving energy of human communication splashes. Yes, you are not mistaken, we will talk about vampires, about good old leeches who suck bad blood, as well as about those villains who are able to completely bleed a person.

Not in nature and not in prayer houses, but only in live human communication. Dramatic signs will gain lost strength, improve their undermined health, and add a blush to their cheeks. Antoine de Saint-Exupéry said it best of all: "The only real luxury is the luxury of human communication." He knew what he was talking about, because he was born in the year of the Rat. So communicate and communicate again, as Saint-Exupery bequeathed. No seclusion, no solitude. And in the forest, and in the mountains, and in the temple of God, the Dramatizer will only seek communication, a process associated with emotional exchange.

To avoid confusion and mixing of different types of fuel, they need to communicate with people not on the informational level, but on the emotional level. The rational consciousness must be turned off, and the emotional one must be maximized. It is also good to remember that this temperament in our minds is associated with a maximum of energy. In fact, choleric Dramatizers have a minimum of energy, and they behave overactively in order to invigorate the body, somehow revive it. It is not surprising that outbursts of activity may well be followed by the deepest depressions. A reliable source of energy that would constantly feed these signs does not exist in nature.

In emergency cases, when you need to get a large amount of energy, a special vampire technique is used. The energy object must be relaxed and peaceful, it must be charmed and appeased, perhaps fed or watered. Then there is a sudden attack, some ridiculous insult. An inexperienced object will surely open up, explode from the inside and begin to radiate the energy of communication in a generous stream. Don't yawn here - scoop up in buckets. It is easier to protect yourself from a vampire, you do not need to let them into your emotional sphere, you do not need to succumb to their provocations. Be indifferent, a vampire is not afraid of an indifferent person.

The coloration of the world for most Dramatizers is twofold - very black always alternates with convulsively active. William Shakespeare (The Rat) lived and worked in such a schedule: he will write the gloomy "Macbeth", and then the cheerful "The Taming of the Shrew", then he will create "Hamlet", then the "Twelfth Night". Pyotr Tchaikovsky (Rat) lived his life in the alternation of very black and very light music. Alexander Pushkin (Koza) acted in the same vein, alternating dark and light colors. Moreover, what is important - the colors were rarely mixed within one work. Is that "A Feast in Time of Plague", which presented a very apt slogan for this type of temperament.

Together with Natural Optimists, Dramatic Signs form six socially active signs, people who take human problems to their hearts. The combination of a genuine interest in people with the ability to dive into the depths of one's own consciousness makes the sign gifted in everything related to understanding a person - this is psychology, medicine, pedagogy, and so on.

Thus, the abundance of Snakes, Goats or Rats among magicians, sorcerers, psychics and just doctors is quite natural. As long as these leeches give us bad blood, everything is going well, a healing effect is observed. But long-term contact with such medicine should be alarming, because with "bad" energy, good energy will begin to flow away.

Rat

The most stormy, the most violent, Dramatic, warms up the Rat's blood. Of course, not everyone has this type of temperament clearly and vividly drawn, nevertheless, the ability to turn any, even the most ordinary event, either into the brightest holiday or into the most terrible tragedy, fully characterizes the life credo of the Rats.

It is interesting that the supersensitive dramatic energy of the Rat is in obvious contradiction with psychological insensibility. But such is the specificity of the sign. So, in youth, the depth and subtlety of experiences are hidden behind rude manners, youth jargon, shocking ideas.

There is simply no negative in temperament, and therefore you should not restrain yourself and if there are real mood swings, then you need to give them free rein. I want to cry - cry, I want to laugh - laugh. But what you need to know for sure is that at the moment of a deep energy recession it is necessary to turn to the source of energy that is saving for the Dramatizers - shock human communication. You can always borrow energy from overly active people. It is communication with them that will save the gnawed Rat.

The dramatic temperament, which allows ordinary, at first glance, situations to be turned into either comedy or tragedy, gives the Rat a dramatic genius. The Rat turns the grayest life into a fascinating performance. The ingenious representative of the sign is William Shakespeare. With his work, he wonderfully illustrates the energy spread - from comedies with endless fun and gulba (for example, "Twelfth Night") to tragedies in which it is dark as in black holes, there is neither a ray nor an asterisk (for example, Macbeth). The same can be said about the work of Pyotr Tchaikovsky. The changes in music are grandiose - from great joy to equally great melancholy.

Snake

Many contradictions of the Snake are associated with her temperament. The Snake has a dramatic temperament - active, black. They either fall into bottomless blackness, perceiving any action as a terrible tragedy, or rush to the other extreme, rejoicing and having fun for no particular reason. The paradox of this temperament is very clearly visible in everyday life: jokers and merry fellows, from time to time falling into depression, or, on the contrary, black misanthropes, for no reason at all go into joyful and powerful spree.

This change was most clearly demonstrated in his work by the founder of great Russian prose, Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, who moved from the unrestrained joy of his early works to a gloomy perception of the increasingly dead souls of the Russian people. "Always shine, shine everywhere" - this is how Vladimir Mayakovsky saw his energy. But it turned out that the inside of his sun is black and black.

As a result of all these changes, the Snake was the number one sign on the sad list of the most famous suicides. Alexander Radishchev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Stefan Zweig, Yan Pototsky, Alexander Lyapunov. Other signs have one or two suicides of this rank. For a huge number of great Serpents, the theme of suicide has become one of the most important in all creativity. Here Fyodor Dostoevsky and Nikolai Nekrasov, Johann Wolfgang Goethe and Charles Baudelaire, Alexey Pisemsky and Vasily Grossman, Gustav Flaubert and Edgar Poe. Of course, the Snake does not have a monopoly on suicide. Monkey, Goat, Tiger, Rat also find reasons to commit suicide. But no one does it as deliberately, prudently and calmly as the Snake.

Suffering with its flawed physiology and no less flawed psychology, the Snake literally radiates blackness, darkness and deadly. Sometimes this radiation burns the emitter itself. But more often the Snake tries to poison those around him with his darkness. The heroes of the books of Goethe and Dostoevsky commit suicide, but the living real people surrounding the Serpent also behave. Ehrenburg noticed that Pablo Picasso was surrounded by an abnormally high number of suicides, although Picasso himself gave the impression of a rather cheerful person.

Goat

If someone else can doubt the rampage of the Rat and the Snake, then the Goat is a classic, standard dramatizer. The sensitive and weak-willed Goat brings the peculiarities of the dramatic worldview to a climax - if you walk and have fun, then so that the whole world is flooded with light, and if you grieve, then so that the world drowns in tears.

This spread was surprisingly manifested in the well-known paradox of the birth in the same year (1883) and in the same city (Prague) of two writers of supposedly opposite temperament. The "father" of the gallant soldier Švejk Jaroslav Hasek writes easily, lightly, joyfully, and most importantly funny. But Franz Kafka writes gloomily, scary, his world is full of tragic impotence, the doom of the "little man".

So, most Goats, wherever and whenever they were born, try to find their place in the black or white half of life. They don't know the middle or don't want to know. However, the truly great Goat tries to find itself in both extreme combinations. For example, Alexander Pushkin quickly passed from cheerful fairy tales to dark tragedies. So it was in the central years for him in 1830 and 1831. At the same time, Pushkin wrote "A Feast in Time of Plague", where he demonstrated how the horror of tragedy goes hand in hand with the most unrestrained gaiety.

You can study not the works, but the facts of the biography of the great Goats, but this will change little. The same Pushkin or, say, Sergey Yesenin, who is closer to us in time, in their life in the most incredible way alternated excessive fun and unrestrained blues, carefree laughter and bitter tears. Now Kozy is smaller, and mainly specialization. Anatoly Pristavkin is always crying, Philip Kirkorov sings and laughs. However, in recent years, Kirkorov has also appeared tragic notes.

Goats that have lost a lot of energy and are depressed are fed by human sacrifice, that is, human energy. They can take it in the process of communication, but not all, but built in a certain way. To get the right amount of energy, they need to provoke a person into an emotional release. Moreover, we are talking not only about joy and laughter, which would be natural, but also about fear, anger and even rage.

Usually it is done like this: first, the person must be calmed, softened, maybe even appeased with compliments and caresses, then sharply insult or offend. The person boils and begins to radiate energy in all directions. This is where the energetic bite takes place. Natural optimists are especially good for bloodsuckers - Horse, Bull, Boar. These will give energy with a light heart and themselves will go to nature to refresh themselves.

In this method, a moral problem arises very sharply. Does the donor agree to the release of energy, do I need to ask him for permission? For such a moral and humane sign as the Goat, this is not a rhetorical question. The Goats are justified by the fact that they produce energy intake unconsciously, spontaneously. And when they understand that they have a stigma in someone else's energy, they even repent. Alas, a vampire is a vampire, no need to make excuses. It is just that the victims must be chosen among the burgeoning healthy people, it is even useful for them to lose energy surpluses, to cleanse themselves, so to speak. But to attack those who can barely drag their feet - this is already despicable!

Skeptical Signs - Monkey, Cat, Dog

The paradox of this energy group is that, on the one hand, they are socially passive, specific human troubles and concerns of Skeptics are not strongly affected. On the other hand, Skeptics are called upon to communicate a lot with people, because the source of their energy is smart conversations. Thus, it is necessary to communicate, but try not to arouse emotionally significant topics in the conversation, it is necessary to translate the conversation into the mainstream of theoretical, mental reasoning, with a great deal of abstractness. The skeptic continues to think in any setting and never lets his emotions rule.

To satisfy the energy hunger of a small degree, an interlocutor is not needed at all; you can turn to a clever book, to the great thinkers of the past. It seems that we are faced with the type of intelligent person, ready to feed on books and smart conversations. In fact, the Skeptics are also vampires, only softer than the Dramatizers. With their endless drawn-out conversations, they draw out from people the energy of attention, admiration for the mind of the talker. In addition, a skeptical approach to life should cause opposition from the interlocutor, the desire to convince the whiner-vampire that everything is not so bad. It is at this moment that a stream of positive energy will flow from the person, which the Skeptic will happily squeeze. It turns out that vampirism of a skeptical type is not very dangerous. But there is absolutely no healing effect in it, like the Dramatizers, so the losses, although small, are completely inevitable.

The coloring of the world by Skeptics tends to gray-brown tones. However, you can always dispel dullness with the help of a good joke. Nobody needs a joke like the Skeptics. They are the main customers of comedies. You can't stir up a Skeptic's drama, only tickling. Associated with the dominance of skeptical signs among writing humorists is the belief that all humorists are gloomy people.

What we now call "a window to the world" - a TV set - is actually a window into which a lot of our energy flies. And all thanks to endless analytical programs, because almost all analysts were born under the star of skepticism. Evgeny Kiselev ("Results") - Monkey, Vladimir Pozner ("Times") - Dog, Mikhail Leontyev ("However"), Vladimir Soloviev ("Towards the barrier") - Cat.

At first glance, a dreamer, powered by energy from outer space. Do not flatter yourself! The cat destroys this tradition, lives and acts in accordance with the canons of a skeptical temperament, usually called melancholic. In this he is similar to the Monkey and the Dog, active and gloomy signs, which is typical for people who work a lot and work hard and are always tired of this.

Thus, the Cat, partially turning to the stars, draws the energy most suitable for its temperament in wisdom, in knowledge, in clever conversations, serious reflections. Well, since any wisdom always multiplies sadness, the great-wise Cat is a learned skeptic, an ironic person and critical of everything. The sublime dreaminess that comes from Takeoff is paradoxically colored by the sad smile of an all-knowing and wise man.

The most striking example in the literature is "The Master and Margarita" by Mikhail Bulgakov. The realistic outline of the novel is quite melancholy - all the main characters, the rest have gone mad. However, there is also a cosmic version: the master deserved peace, Margarita is with him, Pontius Pilate is running along the lunar path, and so on ...

The ending of the funniest book in Russia "The Golden Calf", co-authored by the Cat and the Rooster, is also not very funny - Ostap is defeated and humiliated. However, he was not killed as planned in the first book. Reread the endings of the novels by Walter Scott, Stendhal, Galsworthy. All the same.

And a skeptical temperament helps a lot to grow wiser, because the mind is a function of doubt. Whoever has no doubts, who does not perceive information critically, will never become smart, and therefore, for all their laziness and dreaminess, it is not too difficult for Cats to become scientists. Albert Einstein became the symbol of scholarship, but there are enough Kotov physicists without Einstein - we have Sergei Vavilov, Anatoly Alexandrov, in the world - James Maxwell, Marie Curie ... But there was also Mikhail Lomonosov!

A monkey

Excessive trust in superficial zoological analogies and cartoons about funny monkeys is not always useful, because the idea of ​​the temperament of the Monkeys we get there is completely wrong. Watching such films and you will see that monkeys are constantly shouting, yelling without stopping, scurrying about terribly and jumping through the trees like scalded ones. Among the Monkeys, overly temperamental people are practically not noticeable. Usually these are very calm, balanced people, unhurried and sedentary, not allowing themselves any expression. And this is not surprising - after all, the Monkey also has a skeptical temperament.

Monkeys should not yell and rush back and forth, but be sad and yawn from boredom. However, this is all external, and therefore not the main thing. The temperament of the sign does not so much command external effects as it determines the general life strategy, sets the energy balance, determines the way of perception of being. So the Skeptic, who is also a melancholic, looks at life somewhat detached, his emotional involvement in the general madness of passions is not great. The way in which he fences himself off from the bustle of the world is quite simple - the intellect turns on, everything is questioned, everything that happens in life looks skeptical.

It may seem that this temperament is not able to bring strength to a person, but only allows you to save energy received elsewhere. In fact, this is not the case. A skeptic can get any number of calories if he learns to think correctly, master the most progressive forms of absorbing world wisdom, and most importantly, acquires a specific ironic approach to any problem, looks at everything with a skeptical grin. In a sense, this temperament can be considered a sluggish form. The skeptic draws energy from people without resorting to scandalous forms, through boring complaints about health, bad luck, and the loss of meaning in life. It is clear that idealistic Cosmic optimists are the best targets for such lingering vampirism.

An interesting aspect of the chilly monkey temperament is the addiction to warm countries. The painter Paul Gauguin fled to Tahiti, Russian Monkey writers emigrated to the warm lands. Alexander Herzen started, Vasily Aksenov and Vladimir Voinovich continued. And none of them lost their ability to work abroad, did not fall into homesickness. Anton Pavlovich Chekhov also, by the way, reached out to the south to heal consumption. It seems that Yalta helped him to prolong his life. Andrei Tarkovsky, such a seemingly Russian director, from head to toe. And he also left for warm Europe and became completely foreign to us there. At least his last films can hardly be called Russian. The anthem for all the Monkeys was written by the bard Viktor Berkovsky: "And I want to Brazil, to distant shores ...". The Monkey chills in cold regions, stretches from lack of energy to the sun and warmth.

As always, to test temperament, you need to pay attention to the endings of literary works. Remember how Chekhov's plays end. Sad endings will always be found in Dickens, as for Byron, his character Childe Harold is already a household name for people prone to blues, dreary isolation from the hustle and bustle of the people. The outstanding playwright Yevgeny Schwartz always has something sad in store. Read his plays or watch the films or performances they have spawned.

Dog

The Dog's melancholic gloom seems completely incurable. However, look how it blooms when there is an opportunity to show off its magnificent intelligence. The dog has a specific, skeptical, through and through ironic look at the reality around us.

Doggy irony, sarcasm and even a dog's stoop are all a consequence of the Skeptical temperament of the sign. fenced off from the world of human passions with his mockery, intellectual grin, skeptical attitude towards everything in the world. Without the Dog, the concept of satire would be unthinkable. In the first lines, of course, Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin and Alexander Griboyedov. Among the contemporaries, of course, Mikhail Zhvanetsky and Viktor Shenderovich, who are capable of making fun of everything, must be ironicized to everyone. The "father" of black television, Alexander Nevzorov, television academician Vladimir Pozner, and the caustic and venomous Mikhail Leontyev are also right there. Next to them, it is easy to imagine the seeker of truth, Andrei Karaulov.

Those who do not want to look for examples of skepticism and melancholy among contemporaries should re-read "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov or such famous wiseacres as Kurt Vonnegut or O. Henry. than the description of landscapes or the subtlety of portraying characters?

As for the pessimistic aspect of this temperament, then one should look not so much at, say, the text itself, as at the ending of the work. The best ending for the Dog Writers is the killing of all enemies (the same "Count of Monte Cristo"), the worst is the end of the world ("Cat's Cradle" by Kurt Vonnegut).

Attributing depression to Skeptics is unfair. Yes, they look gloomy, but this is not depression, this is their view of the world, which they, not without reason, see in gloomy tones. If, nevertheless, forces leave and a real energy crisis begins, then energy must be sought in clever books, clever conversations, in various kinds of truths. I found some truth, got up from my bed and went to do things for myself.

“I will in no way come into conflict with reason if I prefer that the whole world be destroyed, so that I scratch my finger,” the philosopher David Hume wrote in the 18th century.

There is no good reason to choose a blue over a black pen, a plaid over a striped shirt. The mind can endlessly go through the arguments in favor of this or that decision. But the solution itself, as the Elliot's case , he can only accept with body and emotions.

Reason cannot eliminate all doubts - it only gives them new food.

Long before modern neuroscience, this fact was well understood by ancient philosophers-skeptics. They argued that human cognitive abilities are imperfect and limited. We cannot even prove that the world exists - and even more so that it has some specific characteristics. As strange as it sounds, skeptics have made the method of radical doubt a way of achieving happiness. For the sake of happiness, the Epicureans proposed to evade the world, the Stoics - to enter into agreement with it. Skeptics rejected both, doubting everything.

Skepticism will make you happy (or not)

The founder of the school of skepticism, Pyrrho, advised everyone who strives for happiness to pay attention to three circumstances: first, what is the nature of things; secondly, how to treat them; and thirdly, what this should lead to.

Things in themselves, writes Sextus Empiricus, "are indifferent, indefinite and not subject to jurisdiction." We do not know what they are, because we see not things, but only the appearance of things.

Honey tastes sweet and salt tastes salty. But what are they in themselves? We cannot know this. Therefore, it is worth refraining from judgments, following sensations and not attributing additional evaluations to things.

By refraining from judgment, the skeptic achieves the desired equanimity - and for the Greeks, this is the main condition for happiness.

The Greek cult of equanimity seems to be the exact opposite of modern concepts of happiness. But in fact, skeptics are trying to tell us one important thing: you can live as you like, but this has nothing to do with philosophy and science.

The ancient skeptic can live like all other people: eat whenever he wants; sleep when the need arises; wear plaid shirts if he likes this particular pattern. None of these actions can be justified based on reason alone. Theoretically, it can be proved that motion does not exist, as Zeno did in the famous paradox of Achilles and the tortoise. But people, writes Sextus Empiricus, "undertake travel on foot and by sea, build ships and houses and give birth to children, not paying attention to reasoning against movement and emergence."


In theory, we can doubt everything. But in practice, this cannot be done.

Antonio Damasiocalls feelings that direct our thoughts and decisions in one direction or another, somatic markers. The anticipation of the pleasure of a good weekend, the feeling of hunger, frustration, anger, or satisfaction are all expressed in specific body states.

A person does not follow things, but the phenomena, reflections of things, say skeptics. He is guided not by knowledge, but by somatic markers, Damasio might add.

In its extreme form, skepticism always leads to irrationalism. If nothing can be proved, then everything is absurd. And if everything is absurd, you can only believe in reality. It is not surprising that the arguments of the skeptics were readily used by the Church Fathers in polemics against ancient philosophy and pagan beliefs.

The few surviving writings of skeptics were first published in Europe in the 16th century. From this began the fashion for pyrrhonism, which could take on a variety of forms. The author of the famous "Experiments" Michel Montaigne, recognizing the weakness of human knowledge, does not at all reject faith. Nor does Rene Descartes, who builds the foundation of scientific philosophy using the method of radical doubt.

Descartes says: suppose the world is created by an evil demon who controls all my impressions. Even if I do not have a body, even if my every memory and sensation is a lie and deception, I still cannot doubt that the one who doubts really exists.

Few are able to carry their skepticism as far as Descartes. But the procedure of radical doubt occurs even in primitive cultures, which we usually deny rationality.

The Indonesians from Buli Island, who were studied by the anthropologist Nils Buband, attribute all their severe misfortunes to witches. But this is not to say that they believe in the existence of witches - rather, they constantly doubt it. Witches can take any form and live somewhere on the borders of knowledge, remaining an insoluble contradiction. Nobody knows whether to believe in them or not. At the beginning of the 20th century, Indonesians adopted Christianity - with the help of a new religion, they hoped to get rid of evil spirits once and for all. But if someone who doubts the existence of witches may turn out to be a witch himself, this is not so easy to do.

Everything is not what it seems

By 1939, the hypothesis that the world did exist was still unproven: after all, it could always be assumed that only René Descartes existed.

This year the British philosopher George Edward Moore presented his controversial work Proof of the Outside World.

Here's one hand and here's the other, says Moore. I know my hands exist - this is an empirically obvious fact. And if there are hands, then the whole universe exists.

Like many others, this evidence is not convincing. When we say “I know,” this statement can be confirmed or refuted. But how can we confirm or deny the existence of the hands of George Edward Moore? We can touch them, but this will not prove anything: maybe we are just sleeping or delirious. To justify the fact that his hands (and, therefore, the universe) really exist, Moore offers only one reason - his own conviction that his knowledge is reliable. But this conviction itself needs to be substantiated.


At the philosophical level, radical skepticism was refuted only in the phenomenology of perception by Maurice Merleau-Ponty. If everything that we perceive is an illusion, then there must be some non-illusory world, if only for comparison. Illusion is only an effect of perception, it cannot replace it entirely. If I am a brain in a jar, which is influenced by electrochemical impulses, then I have no way of dividing perceptions into true (electrochemical impulses) and false (the whole world and my life). The world is what we perceive.

Scientific skepticism does not claim to discover absolutely reliable knowledge. Science does not seek truth, but coherent, efficient, and functionally simple explanations.

Any theory can be wrong if only one piece of evidence refutes it. If scientists find one flying unicorn, many physical and biological laws will have to be revised. But until that happens, it is wiser to consider the existing theories to be correct, and the existence of unicorns - unlikely.

As historian Steve Shapin has shown, the values ​​of experimental science were largely borrowed from the gentlemanly culture of the 17th century. A gentleman, unlike a merchant or a courtier, has a high status and material independence, and therefore can afford to speak the truth. Even if some gentlemen and scholars lie and commit adultery, honesty remains the ideal for both. Since gentlemanly honor was closely related to scientific integrity, accusations of data manipulation in some cases could lead to a challenge to a duel.

Modern skepticism has little to do with ancient tradition. People who call themselves skeptics today are guided by cognitive principles that were not yet familiar to the ancient Greeks. If the ancient skeptic did not assert anything, then today skeptics are constantly engaged in refuting popular misconceptions. They criticize the belief in telepathy and astrology, the belief in demons and witchcraft, the efficacy of homeopathy and alternative medicine, the new chronology and the theory of a flat earth. At the same time, as in antiquity, skeptics are not limited to theory and sometimes claim to create a certain way of life.

The skeptic should consider the evidence in favor of a theory impartially, get rid of cognitive errors, and be guided primarily by facts.

The principles of modern skepticism have been well summarized by Bertrand Russell:

1) if the experts have come to an agreement, the opposite opinion cannot be considered true;
2) if they do not agree, non-experts should not take any opinion as correct;
3) when all experts have decided that there is no sufficient basis for a definite opinion, it is best for an ordinary person to refrain from judgment.

Ironically, the closest thing to radical skepticism today is not science, but conspiracy theories. As researchers Mike Wood and Karen Douglas write, all conspiracy theories are based on the premise that "there are two worlds: one real and mostly invisible, and the other is a harmful illusion that aims to hide the truth." What this truth is - remains unclear to the end. Conspiracies always hide something, the ultimate truth always remains undisclosed. Some extremely powerful forces are ruling this world. They won't let us find out the whole truth.

Official explanations of events and scientific arguments are only part of this global dominance. Therefore, conspiracy theories are often more complex than the reality they explain.


Psychologists are well aware of the phenomenon of selective skepticism: we are more likely to apply critical thinking to statements that we intuitively dislike.

As Rolf Reber's experiments have shown, the shorter and clearer the information is, the more often it is considered correct. The more complex and confusing it is, the more distrust it is. In one experiment, participants were given a description of a conspiracy theory to be read in two scripts: clear and illegible. People who read legible type tended to have more faith in what they wrote. Of course, they didn’t think: “Hmm, this is a beautiful font, probably what is written here is true”. Even if the doubt itself is rational, its basis is beyond consciousness.

No matter what we talk about, we will always have room for doubt. Most of us do not doubt the existence of the outside world, but within the framework of a philosophical dispute, this doubt can be fully justified.

In theory, Achilles will never catch up with the turtle, and George Edward Moore will never prove the existence of the universe by pointing to his hands. But radical skepticism today can only be realized within the walls of a psychiatric clinic or on the pages of philosophical journals. In everyday life, we are left to be content with moderate doubt.

Whatever we doubt, we cannot doubt everything - this is contrary to our innate tendency to want and believe. Without her, we could not even get out of bed. Indeed, is there a reasonable basis for this?

In 2019, amendments to the law on credit histories will come into force and Russians will be assigned a personal credit rating. 55 million people have open credits or loans - 73 percent of the economically active population, said Nikolai Myasnikov, acting general director of the United Credit Bureau.

According to him, a personal credit rating is a certain point calculated automatically based on various parameters from a credit history. The presence of delinquencies, the level of debt burden, the number of requests for checking the credit history are taken into account.

“The higher the score, the lower the risk. In fact, this is the same as scoring, ”Myasnikov said.

However, even a very high scoring score does not guarantee that a Russian citizen will be given a loan. The decision always remains with the lender, who uses not only information from the United Credit Bureau, but also its own risk assessment systems, including additional sources of information, explained the general director of the OKB.

Users of the social network Twitter noted that the credit history of Russians is issued to banks, microfinance organizations, employers, insurance companies and notaries. However, people rarely check credit histories. Most often - by accident, when a loan is refused. Borrowers were advised, upon full repayment of the loan, be sure to ask the bank for a certificate of the absence of debt.

Russians believe that credit history cannot become the main factor in hiring an employee. Employers noted that credit history adds an interesting touch to the candidate's portrait, while mortgage holders are diligent and loyal employees.

Credit histories help notaries to adequately assess the inheritance mass. Previously, the heirs found out about the debts after the angry calls of the collectors, now they receive full information and make an informed decision about entering into an inheritance.

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