Historical analysis of the budget system of the USSR. State budget of the Soviet period General conclusions on the GDP of the USSR and the USA

In the first months after the October Revolution of 1917, due to the collapse of state and local government bodies, sabotage by officials and banks, the flow of taxes into the budget system practically ceased. To finance urgent needs, the new authorities were forced to resort to indemnities from the propertied sections of the population, mainly, as they wrote at that time, “from merchants and speculators who profited during the war and spent their capital unproductively” (Proletarian Revolution. - 1925. - No. 3 - pp. 162, 163). Until November 1918, 816.5 million rubles were mobilized into the budget in 57 provinces in the form of indemnities.

The successful existence of the new system directly depended on the state of finances in the country. Already on May 17, 1918, the All-Russian Congress of representatives of the financial departments of the Soviets opened, at which the head of government V.I. Lenin, speaking with a report, emphasized:

We must achieve lasting financial reforms at all costs, but we must remember that all our radical reforms are doomed to failure if we do not succeed in financial policy ( Lenin V.I. Poly. collection op. - T. 36 - P. 351 In 1920).

Based on the difficult economic situation in the country, it was considered necessary to move to strict centralization in the field of finance in order to ensure the flow of funds into the budget and their effective use. This provision became fundamental in the formation of the financial policy of the Soviet state at all subsequent stages of the history of the USSR:

These principles were enshrined in July 1918 in the first Constitution of the RSFSR, in article 79 of which the goals of state financial policy were formulated:

The financial policy of the RSFSR at the present transitional moment of the dictatorship of the working people contributes to the main goal - the expropriation of the bourgeoisie and the preparation of conditions for general equality of citizens of the republic in the field of production and distribution of wealth. For these purposes, it sets itself the task of putting at the disposal of the Soviet authorities all the necessary means to satisfy the local and national needs of the Soviet Republic, without stopping at invading the right of private property. The Constitution of 1918 established the federal structure of the RSFSR and laid the foundations for the budgetary structure of the state. The principle of centralization of all finances was expressed in the establishment of the unity of the state budget and the entire financial system of the Russian Federation, the inclusion of state revenues and expenses in the national budget. At the same time, the Constitution provided for the separation of state and territorial budgets (budgets of autonomous republics and regions), i.e., the division of state and territorial revenues and expenses. The state budgets of the Ukrainian Socialist Republic and the Belarusian Socialist Republic existed separately.

Territorial budgets were formed at the expense of: revenues from taxes established by provincial, district, city, and volost Councils, levied for local needs; surcharges (within 40%) to state income tax; income from local Soviet enterprises and property; loans and benefits from the state budget.

However, in wartime conditions, economic devastation, lack of funds in local budgets (for example, in 1919, expenses of local budgets of the Petrograd province amounted to 950 million rubles, and revenues from local taxes - 44 million rubles, or 4,6%) The session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee in June 1920 decided to merge the state and territorial budgets.

With the end of the Civil War, the transition to the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the restoration of the national economy in connection with the need to stabilize finances, strengthen self-accounting relations, including in the local economy, and increase the economic activity of local Soviets in October 1921, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted the Resolution " On measures to streamline the financial economy", according to which the state and territorial budgets were separated.

With the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922 and the publication of the USSR Constitution in 1924, changes were made to the budget system. The state budget of the USSR was formed, which included the state budgets of the socialist republics that make up the USSR, a union budget was created, which was entrusted with financial support for all-union needs and activities, mainly in the field of economic and cultural construction and defense significance.

When forming the revenue side of all budgets, it was used principle of jurisdiction in accordance with which enterprises and economic organizations were distributed between different levels of government and made deductions from profits to the corresponding budget. Thus, enterprises of union subordination, i.e., those under the jurisdiction of union departments, made their payments from profits to the union budget, and enterprises (republican, regional, city subordination) - to the corresponding budgets. In turn, enterprises, organizations and institutions of union, republican and local subordination were financed from the corresponding budgets.

Consequently, the income of the union budget was formed at the expense of all-union state revenues, the main of which were deductions from the profits of enterprises of union subordination and national taxes and income, for example, income from foreign economic activity.

It should be noted that local budgets (budgets of autonomous republics, regional, regional, city, district, and from 1929-1930 - rural budgets) were not included in the budgets of the union republics and in the state budget of the USSR.

Played a major role in the development of the national economy and budget system of the USSR tax reform 1930-1932 She laid the foundations tax system, the main elements of which still exist today. During the reform, 86 previously existing payments to the budget were unified, multiple taxation of taxpayers was eliminated, and financial control over the economic activities of enterprises was strengthened. About 60 taxes and fees were combined into main payments - turnover tax, deductions from the profits of state-owned enterprises and income tax for cooperative enterprises.

During the tax reform, a fundamentally a new method of generating revenues for territorial budgets. In accordance with the Decree of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars "On Republican and Local Budgets" dated December 21, 1931, a portion of state revenues began to be transferred to territorial budgets - turnover tax, proceeds from the sale of government loans, etc. The transfer of these funds was carried out in the manner of budget regulation in the form of percentage deductions from national taxes and revenues, which have become regulatory sources for balancing territorial budgets. Common sources of income became an important factor in strengthening the connection between all budgets included in the budget system of the USSR. Subsequently, this principle began to extend to other national sources. It is also used in the current budget system of Russia.

The final formation of the budget system of the USSR is associated with the Constitution of 1936. The strengthening of the centralized principle in the management of the national economy and state finances was reflected in Article 14 of the Constitution of the USSR, which stated that the jurisdiction of the Union authorities included not only the approval of the state budget of the USSR and the report on it execution, but also the establishment of taxes going to the union budget, the budgets of the union republics and local budgets.

The tendency towards centralization was also expressed in the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated July 10, 1938, according to which the state budget of the USSR included local budgets. In 1938, the USSR state budget also included state social insurance budget.

Thus, until 1991, the country's budget system had the following structure.

Rice. 1

Depending on the degree of centralization, the distribution of financial resources between budgets changed.

During 1970-1990. The USSR's GDP in current prices increased by 357.5 billion dollars (by 82.5%) to 790.9 billion dollars; the change occurred by $81.7 billion due to a population increase of 45.7 million, as well as by $275.7 billion due to an increase in GDP per capita by $957.0. The average annual growth of the USSR's GDP is 17.9 billion dollars or 3.1%. The average annual growth of the USSR's GDP in constant prices is 4.7%. The world share decreased by 9.2%. The share in Europe decreased by 22.3%. The minimum GDP was in 1970 ($433.4 billion). The maximum GDP was in 1983 ($993.0 billion).

For the period 1970-1990. GDP per capita in the USSR increased by $957.0 (53.5%) to $2,745.0. The average annual growth of GDP per capita at current prices is $47.8 or 2.2%.

USSR GDP, 1970-1983 (growth)

For 1970-1983 The USSR's GDP at current prices increased by 559.6 billion dollars (2.3 times) to 993.0 billion dollars; the change occurred by $52.4 billion due to a population increase of 29.3 million, as well as by $507.3 billion due to an increase in GDP per capita of $1,867.0. The average annual growth of the USSR's GDP amounted to 43.0 billion dollars or 6.6%. The average annual growth of the USSR's GDP in constant prices was at the level of 5.0%. The world share decreased by 4.9%. The share in Europe decreased by 9.3%.

During 1970-1983. GDP per capita in the USSR increased by $1,867.0 (2.0 times) to $3,655.0. The average annual growth of GDP per capita at current prices is $143.6 or 5.7%.

USSR GDP, 1983-1990 (fall)

For the period 1983-1990. The USSR's GDP at current prices decreased by 202.2 billion dollars (20.4%) to 790.9 billion dollars; the change occurred by $60.0 billion due to a population increase of 16.4 million, as well as by -$262.2 billion due to a drop in GDP per capita by $910.0. The average annual GDP growth of the USSR was at the level of -28.9 billion dollars or -3.2%. The average annual growth of the USSR's GDP in constant prices was 4.2%. The world share decreased by 4.3%. The share in Europe decreased by 12.9%.

During 1983-1990. GDP per capita in the USSR increased by $910.0 (24.9%) to $2,745.0. The average annual increase in GDP per capita at current prices is -$130.0 or -4.0%.

USSR GDP, 1970

USSR GDP in 1970 it was equal to 433.4 billion dollars, ranking 2nd in the world. The share of the USSR's GDP in the world was 12.7%.

GDP per capita in the USSR in 1970 was 1,788.0 dollars, ranked 38th in the world and was at the level of GDP per capita in Puerto Rico ($1,884.0), GDP per capita in Libya ($1,865.0), GDP per capita in Brunei (1 $736.0), GDP per capita for Turks and Caicos ($1,735.0). GDP per capita in the USSR was greater than GDP per capita in the world ($924.0) by $864.0.

Comparison of the GDP of the USSR and its neighbors in 1970. The USSR's GDP was 4.7 times greater than Japan's, China's GDP ($92.6 billion) 4.7 times, India's GDP ($62.4 billion) 6.9 times, Poland's GDP ($28.3 billion) 15.3 times, Turkey's GDP ( 25.0 billion dollars) by 17.3 times, the GDP of Romania (12.7 billion dollars) by 34.1 times, the GDP of Finland (11.3 billion dollars) by 38.3 times. GDP per capita in the USSR was greater than GDP per capita in Poland ($866.0) by 2.1 times, GDP per capita in Turkey ($718.0) by 2.5 times, GDP per capita in Romania ($619.0) by 2.9 times, GDP per capita in India ($113.0) was 15.8 times, GDP per capita in China ($112.0) was 16.0 times, but was less than GDP per capita in Finland ($2,450.0) by 27%, GDP per capita in Japan ($2,026.0) by 11.7%.

Comparison of GDP of the USSR and leaders in 1970. The USSR's GDP was 2.0 times greater than Germany's GDP ($215.8 billion), Japan's GDP ($212.6 billion) was 2.0 times, France's GDP ($148.5 billion) was 2.9 times, but was less than US GDP ($1,073.3 billion) by 59.6%. GDP per capita in the USSR was less than GDP per capita in the USA ($5,121.0) by 65.1%, GDP per capita in France ($2,853.0) by 37.3%, GDP per capita in Germany ($2,747.0 ) by 34.9%, GDP per capita in Japan ($2,026.0) by 11.7%.

USSR GDP potential in 1970. With per capita GDP at the same level as the US GDP per capita ($5,121.0), the USSR's GDP would be $1,241.3 billion, which is 2.9 times the actual level. With a GDP per capita at the same level as the GDP per capita in Finland ($2,450.0), its best neighbor, the USSR's GDP would be $593.9 billion, which is 37% more than the actual level. With GDP per capita at the same level as GDP per capita in Europe ($1,966.0), the USSR's GDP would be $476.6 billion, which is 10% more than the actual level.

USSR GDP, 1983

USSR GDP in 1983 it was $993.0 billion, ranking 3rd in the world. The share of the USSR's GDP in the world was 7.7%.

GDP per capita in the USSR in 1983 was equal to $3,655.0, ranked 56th in the world and was at the level of GDP per capita in the Virgin Islands ($3,775.9), GDP per capita in Iran ($3,618.0), GDP per capita in Malta ( $3,519.0). GDP per capita in the USSR was greater than GDP per capita in the world ($2,735.0) by $920.0.

Comparison of the GDP of the USSR and its neighbors in 1983. The USSR's GDP was 3.3 times greater than China's GDP ($304.8 billion), India's GDP ($222.9 billion) 4.5 times, Turkey's GDP ($84.9 billion) 11.7 times, Poland's GDP ($78.7 billion) . dollars) by 12.6 times, the GDP of Finland (51.0 billion dollars) by 19.5 times, the GDP of Romania (47.6 billion dollars) by 20.9 times, but was less than the GDP of Japan (1,243.3 billion dollars) by 20.1%. GDP per capita in the USSR was greater than GDP per capita in Poland ($2,154.0) by 69.7%, GDP per capita in Romania ($2,077.0) by 76%, GDP per capita in Turkey ($1,804.0) ) by 2.0 times, GDP per capita in India ($298.0) by 12.3 times, GDP per capita in China ($294.0) by 12.4 times, but was less than GDP per capita in Finland ($10,483.0) by 65.1%, GDP per capita in Japan ($10,323.0) by 64.6%.

Comparison of GDP of the USSR and leaders in 1983. The USSR's GDP was greater than Germany's GDP ($770.7 billion) by 28.8%, France's GDP ($559.9 billion) by 77.4%, but was less than the US GDP ($3,634.0 billion) by 72.7% , Japan's GDP ($1,243.3 billion) by 20.1%. GDP per capita in the USSR was less than GDP per capita in the USA ($15,376.0) by 76.2%, GDP per capita in Japan ($10,323.0) by 64.6%, GDP per capita in France ($9,967.0 ) by 63.3%, GDP per capita in Germany ($9,908.0) by 63.1%.

USSR GDP potential in 1983. With a GDP per capita at the same level as the GDP per capita in the United States ($15,376.0), the USSR's GDP would be $4,177.6 billion, which is 4.2 times the actual level. With a GDP per capita at the same level as the GDP per capita of Finland ($10,483.0), its best neighbor, the USSR's GDP would be $2,848.2 billion, which is 2.9 times the actual level. With GDP per capita at the same level as GDP per capita in Europe ($5,928.0), the USSR's GDP would be $1,610.6 billion, which is 62.2% more than the actual level.

USSR GDP, 1990

USSR GDP in 1990 it was equal to 790.9 billion dollars, ranking 7th in the world. The share of the USSR's GDP in the world was 3.4%.

GDP per capita in the USSR in 1990 was 2,745.0 dollars, ranked 83rd in the world and was at the level of GDP per capita in Dominica ($2,794.0), GDP per capita in Lithuania ($2,770.0), GDP per capita in Kosovo (2,731.0 dollars), GDP per capita in Brazil ($2,724.0), GDP per capita in Cuba ($2,707.0), GDP per capita in Botswana ($2,701.0), GDP per capita in Chile ($2,637.0) , GDP per capita in Czechoslovakia ($2,626.0), GDP per capita in Mauritius ($2,590.0). GDP per capita in the USSR was less than GDP per capita in the world ($4,317.0) by $1,572.0.

Comparison of GDP of the USSR and its neighbors in 1990. The USSR's GDP was 2.0 times greater than China's GDP ($394.6 billion), India's GDP ($329.1 billion) 2.4 times, Turkey's GDP ($207.4 billion) 3.8 times, Finland's GDP ($141.4 billion) . dollars) by 5.6 times, the GDP of Poland (66.0 billion dollars) by 12.0 times, the GDP of Romania (40.6 billion dollars) by 19.5 times, but was less than the GDP of Japan (3,132.8 billion dollars) by 74.8%. GDP per capita in the USSR was greater than GDP per capita in Poland ($1,738.0) by 57.9%, GDP per capita in Romania ($1,728.0) by 58.9%, GDP per capita in India ($378.0) by 7.3 times, GDP per capita in China ($337.0) by 8.1 times, but was less than GDP per capita in Finland ($28,310.0) by 90.3%, GDP per capita in Japan ($25,160.0) by 89.1%, GDP per capita in Turkey ($3,847.0) by 28.6%.

Comparison of GDP of the USSR and leaders in 1990. The USSR's GDP was less than the US GDP ($5,963.1 billion) by 86.7%, Japan's GDP ($3,132.8 billion) by 74.8%, Germany's GDP ($1,771.6 billion) by 55.4%, France's GDP ($1,269.1 billion) by 37.7%, Italian GDP ($1,176.4 billion) by 32.8%. GDP per capita in the USSR was less than GDP per capita in Japan ($25,160.0) by 89.1%, GDP per capita in the USA ($23,614.0) by 88.4%, GDP per capita in Germany ($22,392.0 ) by 87.7%, GDP per capita in France ($21,685.0) by 87.3%, GDP per capita in Italy ($20,593.0) by 86.7%.

USSR GDP potential in 1990. With a GDP per capita at the same level as the GDP per capita of Finland ($28,310.0), its best neighbor, the USSR's GDP would be $8,156.4 billion, which is 10.3 times the actual level. With per capita GDP at the same level as Japan's per capita GDP ($25,160.0), the USSR's GDP would be $7,248.9 billion, which is 9.2 times the actual level. With GDP per capita at the same level as GDP per capita in Europe ($12,086.0), the USSR's GDP would be $3,482.1 billion, which is 4.4 times the actual level. With GDP per capita at the same level as GDP per capita in the world ($4,317.0), the USSR's GDP would be $1,243.8 billion, which is 57.3% more than the actual level. With a GDP per capita at the same level as the GDP per capita in Eastern Europe ($2,948.0), the USSR's GDP would be $849.4 billion, which is 7.4% more than the actual level.

Picture. USSR GDP, 1970-1990

Picture. GDP per capita in the USSR, 1970-1990

Picture. GDP growth in the USSR, 1970-1990

USSR GDP by expenditure

The USSR and the USA are two world superpowers that competed for primacy in everything from the post-war period to the early 90s of the last century. A very important aspect of this struggle was economics. Particularly great importance was paid to the GDP of the USSR and the USA. Comparing these indicators was a fairly powerful tool in the propaganda of both countries. But at the same time, with the help of these economic data, we can also now, through the veil of the past years, restore the actual state of affairs in the countries under study. So, what was the GDP of the USSR and the USA during the period of their rivalry?

Concept of gross product

But before analyzing the GDP of the USSR and the USA, let's find out what this concept actually is and what types of it exist.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the value of all goods and services produced in a particular state or region. If we divide the total GDP by the average number of inhabitants of the territory to which it belongs, we get the gross product per capita.

Indicators can be divided into two large groups: nominal and purchasing power parity. Nominal is expressed in national currency, or in terms of the currency of any other country at the established rate. When calculating GDP at parity, the ratio of currencies to each other in terms of purchasing power relative to a specific type of goods or services is taken into account.

Comparison of economic indicators before World War II

Although the main peak of rivalry between the USSR and the USA occurred in the period after World War II, to complete the picture it would be useful to look at how the dynamics of their GDP changed in the first half of the 20th century.

The pre-war period was quite difficult both for the economy of the USSR and for the country. During this time, the country was being restored after the Civil War, which resulted in two severe famine periods of 1922 and 1932-1933, and the United States in 1929-1932 was experiencing a period its history known as the Great Depression.

The economy of the country of the Soviets sank the most in relation to the US GDP immediately after the Civil War in 1922. At that time, domestic GDP was only about 13% of that in the United States. But, in the following years, the USSR began to rapidly reduce the gap. By pre-war 1940, the USSR's GDP was equal to $417 billion in US currency, which was already 44% of the US figure. That is, Americans at that time had a gross domestic product of about $950 billion.

But the outbreak of war hit the USSR economy much more painfully than the American economy. This was due to the fact that the fighting took place directly on the territory of the Soviet Union, and the United States fought only abroad. By the end of World War II, the USSR's GDP was only about 17% of the US gross product. But, again, after production began to recover, the gap between the economies of the two states began to rapidly narrow.

Comparison of GDP 1950-1970

In 1950, the USSR's share of world GDP was 9.6%. This amounted to 35% of US GDP, that is, even lower than the pre-war level, but, nevertheless, much higher than the figure for the first post-war year.

In subsequent years, the difference in the size of the gross products of the two superpowers, which by that time had become the USSR and the USA, was increasingly reduced, although not at such a rapid pace as before. By 1970, the Soviet GDP was about 40% of the GDP of the United States, which was already quite an impressive figure.

USSR GDP after 1970

Most of all, we are interested in the state of the economy of the USSR and the USA after 1970 until the end when the rivalry between them reached its maximum. Therefore, for this period we will consider the GDP of the USSR by year. Then we will do the same with the gross domestic product of the United States. Well, at the final stage we will compare these results.

USSR GDP for 1970 - 1990 in million dollars:

• 1970 - 433,400;
• 1971 - 455,600;
• 1972 - 515,800;
• 1973 - 617,800;
• 1974 - 616,600;
• 1975 - 686,000;
• 1976 - 688,500;
• 1977 - 738,400;
• 1978 - 840,100;
• 1979 - 901,600;
• 1980 - 940,000;
• 1981 - 906,900;
• 1982 - 959,900;
• 1983 - 993,000;
• 1984 - 938,300;
• 1985 - 914,100;
• 1986 - 946,900;
• 1987 - 888,300;
• 1988 - 866,900;
• 1989 - 862,000;
• 1990 - 778,400.

As we can see, in 1970 the gross domestic product in the USSR was $433,400 million. Until 1973, it grew to $617,800 million. The next year there was a slight drop, and then growth resumed again. In 1980, GDP reached the level of $940,000 million, but the very next year there was a significant drop - $906,900 million. This situation was associated with a sharp drop in world oil prices. But we must pay tribute that already in 1982, GDP resumed growth. In 1983, it reached its maximum - $993,000 million. This is the largest gross domestic product for the entire existence of the Soviet Union.

But in subsequent years, an almost continuous decline began, which clearly characterized the state of the USSR economy of that period. The only episode of short-term growth occurred in 1986. The USSR's GDP in 1990 was $778,400 million. This was the seventh-highest total in the world, and the Soviet Union's total share of the world's gross product was 3.4%. Thus, when compared with 1970, the gross product increased by $345,000 million, but at the same time, starting in 1982, fell by $559,600 million.

But here you need to take into account one more detail: the dollar, like any currency, is subject to inflation. Therefore, 778,400 million 1990 dollars in terms of 1970 prices will be equal to 1,092 million dollars. As we can see, in this case, from 1970 to 1990 we will observe an increase in GDP in the amount of 658,600 million dollars.

We looked at the value, but if we talk about GDP at purchasing power parity, then in 1990 it was $1971.5 billion.

The value of gross product for individual republics

Now let's take a look at how much the USSR's GDP was by republic in 1990, or rather, how much, as a percentage, each subject of the Union contributed to the total gross income.

Naturally, the richest and most populous republic, the RSFSR, brought more than half into the common pot. Its share was 60.33%. Then came the second most populous and third largest republic - Ukraine. The gross domestic product of this subject of the USSR was 17.8% of the all-Union one. In third place is the second largest republic - Kazakhstan (6.8%).

Other republics had the following indicators:

• Belarus - 2.7%.
• Uzbekistan - 2%.
• Azerbaijan - 1.9%.
• Lithuania - 1.7%.
• Georgia - 1.2%.
• Turkmenistan - 1%.
• Latvia - 1%.
• Estonia - 0.7%.
• Moldova - 0.7%.
• Tajikistan - 0.6%.
• Kyrgyzstan - 0.5%.
• Armenia - 0.4%.

As we can see, Russia’s share in the all-Union GDP was greater than that of all other republics combined. At the same time, Ukraine and Kazakhstan also had a fairly high share of GDP. The rest of the subjects of the USSR have much less.

For a more complete picture, let's look at GDP today. Let us determine whether the order of arrangement of the former Soviet republics in terms of gross domestic product has changed.

GDP size according to the IMF for 2015:

1. Russia - $1325 billion.
2. Kazakhstan - $173 billion.
3. Ukraine - $90.5 billion.
4. Uzbekistan - $65.7 billion.
5. Belarus - $54.6 billion.
6. Azerbaijan - $54.0 billion.
7. Lithuania - $41.3 billion.
8. Turkmenistan - $35.7 billion.
9. Latvia - $27.0 billion.
10. Estonia - $22.7 billion.
11. Georgia - $14.0 billion.
12. Armenia - $10.6 billion.
13. Tajikistan - $7.82 billion.
14. Kyrgyzstan - $6.65 billion.
15. Moldova - $6.41 billion.

As we can see, Russia remains the undoubted leader in terms of GDP of the USSR countries. At the moment, its gross product is $1,325 billion, which in nominal terms is even more than it was in 1990 for the entire Soviet Union. Kazakhstan came in second place, ahead of Ukraine. Uzbekistan and Belarus also swapped places. Azerbaijan and Lithuania remained in the same places they were in during Soviet times. But Georgia has noticeably slipped, leaving Turkmenistan, Latvia and Estonia ahead. Moldova has slipped to last place among post-Soviet countries. And she missed ahead of Armenia, which in Soviet times was last in terms of GDP, as well as Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan.

US GDP from 1970 to 1990

Now let's take a look at the dynamics of changes in the US gross domestic product during the last period of the existence of the USSR from 1970 to 1990.

Dynamics of US GDP, million dollars:

• 1970 - 1,075,900.
• 1971 - 1,167,800.
• 1972 - 1,282,400.
• 1973 - 1,428,500.
• 1974 - 1,548,800.
• 1975 - 1,688,900.
• 1976 - 1,877,600.
• 1977 - 2,086,000.
• 1978 - 2,356,600.
• 1979 - 2,632,100.
• 1980 - 2,862,500.
• 1981 - 3,211,000.
• 1982 - 3,345,000.
• 1983 - 3,638,100.
• 1984 - 4,040,700.
• 1985 - 4,346,700.
• 1986 - 4,590,200.
• 1987 - 4,870,200.
• 1988 - 5,252,600.
• 1989 - 5,657,700.
• 1990 - 5,979,600.

As we can see, the nominal GDP of the United States, in contrast to the gross domestic product of the USSR, grew continuously over the period from 1970 to 1990. Over 20 years it increased by $4,903,700 million.

Current level of the US economy

Since we have looked at the current state of the level of gross product in post-Soviet countries, we should find out how the United States is doing with this matter. According to the IMF, the US GDP in 2015 was $17,947 billion. This is more than three times more than in 1990.

Also, this value is several times greater than the GDP of all post-Soviet countries combined, including Russia.

Comparison of the gross product of the USSR and the USA for the period from 1970 to 1990

If we compare the level of GDP of the USSR and the USA for the period from 1970 to 1990, we will see that if in the case of the USSR, starting from 1982, the gross product began to decline, then in the United States it continuously grew.

In 1970, the gross product of the USSR was 40.3% of that of the United States, and in 1990 it was only 13.0%. In physical terms, the gap between the GDP of both countries reached $5,201,200 million.

For reference: Russia's current GDP is only 7.4% of US GDP. That is, in this regard, the situation, compared to 1990, has worsened even more.

General conclusions on the GDP of the USSR and the USA

Throughout the existence of the USSR, its gross domestic product was significantly inferior in size to that of the United States. Even in the best years for the Soviet Union, it amounted to about half the size of the American gross product. In the worst periods, namely after the Civil War and before the collapse of the Union, the level dropped to 13%.

An attempt to catch up with the United States in economic development ended in failure, and in the early 90s of the last century the USSR ceased to exist as a state. Moreover, in 1990, the situation with the ratio of the USSR's GDP to the United States' GDP was approximately at the level of the situation after the end of the Civil War.

The level of GDP in modern Russia lags even further behind American indicators than it was in 1990 for the USSR. But there are also objective reasons for this, since Russia currently does not include those republics that made up the Soviet Union and also contributed to the total GDP.

General picture of the USSR budget for 1985-1990

During 1985-1990, the Soviet Union failed to balance the state budget: expenses exceeded income.

1985

Revenues (billion rubles\% of GDP): 367.7 (47.3).

Expenses (billion rubles\% of GDP): 386.0 (49.7).

Deficit (%) (billion rubles\% of GDP): −18.3 (-2.4).

National economy: 27.9 or 217.3 billion rubles.

Foreign economic activity: 0.3 or 2.3 billion rubles

Education: 4.6 or 35.9 billion rubles

Healthcare: 2.3 or 17.75 billion rubles.

Social policy: 7.0 or 54.8 billion rubles.

Science: 1.8 or 13.5 billion rubles

Defense: 2.5 or 18.9 billion rubles

Law enforcement and security: 0.7 or 5.8 billion rubles.

Management: 0.4 or 3 billion rubles

1987

Revenues (billion rubles\% of GDP): 360.1 (43.6).

Expenses (billion rubles\% of GDP): 429.3 (52.0).

Deficit (%) (billion rubles\% of GDP): −69.2 (-8.4).

Total expenditure item (% of GDP)

National economy: 28.3 or 234 billion rubles.

Foreign economic activity: 1.4 or 12 billion rubles.

Education: 5.1 or 42.5 billion rubles

Healthcare: 2.4 or 19.3 billion rubles

Social policy: 7.4 or 61.4 billion rubles.

Science: 1.5 or 12.5 billion rubles

Defense: 2.4 or 20.2 billion rubles

Law enforcement and security: 0.8 or 6 billion rubles.

Management: 0.4 or 3 billion rubles

1990

Revenues (billion rubles\% of GDP): 410.1 (42.8).

Expenses (billion rubles\% of GDP): 485.6 (50.7).

Deficit (%) (billion rubles\% of GDP): −75.5 (-7.9).

Total expenditure item (% of GDP)

National economy: 19.6 or 188.4 billion rubles.

Foreign economic activity: 1.6 or 15 billion rubles.

Education: 5.2 or 49.5 billion rubles

Healthcare: 2.9 or 27.7 billion rubles

Social policy: 10.3. or 98.6 billion rubles.

Science: 1.1 or 11.2 billion rubles

Defense: 7.4 or 70.9 billion rubles

Law enforcement and security: 1.0 or 9.7 billion rubles.

Management: 0.3 or 2.9 billion rubles

Links

• Consolidated budget of the USSR and Russia (rus). Archived
• Central Bank of the Russian Federation. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
• State Bank of the USSR. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2010.
• On the state budget of the USSR for 1939 and the execution of the state budget of the USSR for 1937. Archived from the original on April 21, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2011.

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See what “USSR Budget” is in other dictionaries:

The essence and purpose of finance. The finances of the USSR are a system of economic relations through which the systematic formation, distribution and use of funds of funds is carried out to ensure... ...

An annual estimate (list) of upcoming government revenues and expenses. The essence of the budgetary system of each country is determined by the economic system of society and the nature and functions of the state (see also Budgetary System). B. g. in... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

STATE BUDGET- - in the USSR, the main financial plan for the formation by the Soviet socialist state of a fund of funds and their expenditure for the implementation of the tasks of socialist construction and the building of communism. The state budget of the USSR plays... ... Soviet legal dictionary

State budget- STATE BUDGET, the main finance during the war. plan for the formation and use of general government. fund money funds to meet the needs of the country's economy. By the 40s. the page of the budget and budget system of the SSS was completed; compare B. g. by... ... Great Patriotic War 1941-1945: encyclopedia

Population State system. Constitutions and constitutional acts of the USSR (1922 1936). Sat. documents, M., 1940; Constitutions and constitutional acts of the RSFSR (1918 1937). Sat. documents, M., 1940; History of the Soviet Constitution... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

National government structure and population of the USSR, union and autonomous republics (as of January 1, 1976) | Allied and autonomous | Territo | Population | Autono | Nation... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

TIME BUDGET- population, a system of indicators characterizing the distribution by type of use of time spent (year, month, week, day) dep. person, family, social group, us. in general, as well as adm. units or territory; one of the characteristics of the level... ... Demographic Encyclopedic Dictionary

Population, a system of indicators characterizing the distribution of time expenditure (day, week, month, year) by type of use of both an individual worker (worker, collective farmer, employee, etc.) and his family, and a certain group... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

Literature Multinational Soviet literature represents a qualitatively new stage in the development of literature. As a definite artistic whole, united by a single social and ideological orientation, community... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The former largest state in the world by area, second by economic and military power and third by population. The USSR was created on December 30, 1922, when the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) merged with... ... Collier's Encyclopedia

Books

• Kudrin system. The story of a key economist in Putin's Russia, Evgeniya Pismennaya. What is this book about? The book by Evgenia Pismennaya is the history of Russian government and the Russian economy, told on behalf of those people who created it: ministers, deputies, economists and...

Budget system of socialist countries. In the USSR, the budget system includes the union budget and the state budgets of the union republics, which together constitute the state budget of the USSR. This ensures financing of activities provided for in the development plan of the national economy of the USSR, the participation of the Union republics in the implementation of plans of national importance, the comprehensive development of the economy and culture of the Union republics and their mutual assistance. The state budget of the USSR also includes the state social insurance budget, compiled by the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and executed by trade unions. The state budgets of the union republics combine republican budgets, state budgets of autonomous republics and local budgets. Each region, region, autonomous region, national district, district, city, village Council and village Council has its own local budget, approved by the relevant Council of Working People's Deputies. The total number of budgets combined by the USSR budget system is almost 50 thousand.

Construction The budgetary system of the USSR, the budgetary rights and responsibilities of state authorities and administration are determined by the Constitution of the USSR, the constitutions of the union and autonomous republics, as well as the Law on the budgetary rights of the USSR and union republics, the laws on the budgetary rights of the union republics and local Soviets of Working People's Deputies.

The growth of the budgets of the Union republics (accounting for 44.2% of the state budget of the USSR in 1970 as against 24.2% in 1940) indicates the increasing role of the Union republics in economic and cultural development.

Union budget revenues are generated mainly through payments from the profits of enterprises administered by union bodies, income from foreign trade, social insurance contributions from state enterprises, turnover tax, and other national revenues. The income of the republican and local budgets consists of payments from the profits of enterprises and from other property under the jurisdiction of the republican and local bodies, as well as from deductions from national revenues and taxes transferred to these budgets in the manner of their regulation (see. Budget regulation).

The directions and amounts of expenditures of various budgets are determined by the tasks and functions of the union, republican and local authorities, enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR and union republics, and other legislative acts. The Union budget of the USSR finances sectors of the economy and culture that are subordinate to the Union bodies and have all-Union significance, as well as expenditures on the defense of the country, all-Union bodies of state power and administration. The state budgets of the Union republics finance industries subordinate to republican bodies, and from local budgets - mainly branches of the local economy and the expenses of socio-cultural institutions serving the population of individual localities.

In other socialist countries, the budget system is built on the same principles as the budget system in the USSR. In 1949/50, budget reforms were carried out in most socialist countries, during which the budget system was restructured on the principles of democratic centralism and Leninist national policy. Numerous extra-budgetary estimates and funds that existed before the revolutions in these countries were combined with the state budget, which was important for strengthening the entire system of national economic and financial planning. In most socialist countries, the budget system consists of 2 main links - the Central budget and local budgets [in Bulgaria - district (city) budgets and community budgets, in the DPRK - budgets of provinces and counties (cities), in the MPR - aimak budgets and soum budgets, and so on.]. In 1968/69, Czechoslovakia transitioned to a federal state and a budgetary system. Now the budget system in this country consists of the Central budget of the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, the state budget of the Czech Republic, the state budget of Slovakia, which, in turn, consists of the Central and local budgets. In Yugoslavia, the budget system consists of the federal budget, the budgets of individual republics (members of the federation) and the budgets of local authorities. In the interests of strengthening the organization of the unity of the budget system in most socialist countries, local budgets are consistently united with each other and with the Central budget, forming a single state budget. The leading role in the state budget belongs to the Central budgets, which on average account for about all expenditures of the state budget.

As a rule, the task of the Central budgets is to finance national, economic, socio-cultural events and the defense of the country. Local budgets ensure the development of the local economy and socio-cultural and consumer services for the population. In recent years, the rights of local authorities in the field of economic and cultural construction have been expanded, which leads to rapid growth of their budgets and an increase in their share in the unified state budget.
The Constitution of 1918 established the federal structure of the RSFSR and laid the foundations for the budgetary structure of the state. The principle of centralization of all finances was expressed in the establishment of the unity of the state budget and the entire financial system of the Russian Federation, the inclusion of state revenues and expenses in the national budget. At the same time, the Constitution provided for the separation of state and territorial budgets (autonomous republics and regions), i.e. separation of state and territorial revenues and expenses. State budgets of the Ukrainian and Belarusian Social. Rep. existed separately.

In 1923, the budget system was recreated. From now on, it began to include two levels: the union budget and the state budgets of the union republics

With the formation of the USSR in 1922, the State Budget of the USSR was formed, which included the budgets of the union republics. The formation of budgets was based on the principle of jurisdiction: enterprises were distributed among levels of government and made contributions to the appropriate budget. Those. enterprises of union subordination made payments to the union budget, etc. Financing was carried out according to the same principle. The concept of a “consolidated budget” was absent - budgets were autonomous from each other.

In 1927, the formation of local regional budgets began (before that, the development of local economies was financed from the budgets of the union republics). In 1930, the budget system of the USSR took the form of a budget system of a federal state: it consisted of three levels and included an autonomous union budget, budgets of union republics and local budgets. In accordance with the Constitution of 1936, another budget reform was carried out: the budget system began to be built on the basis of the unity of all links and types of budgets. In 1937, a single consolidated state budget of the USSR was formed for the first time.

Budget system of the USSR in the 20s

The budget system of the USSR existed for more than sixty years. During this time, she went through several stages of development. After the establishment of Soviet power in Russia, the first six-month and annual budgets were compiled as a single budget. This centralization of the budget system was caused by the extremely difficult economic and political situation in the country. The procedure for drawing up a single budget was preserved even after the unification of the Soviet republics.
The formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922 served as the basis for the creation of a new budget system of the state. It included a widely ramified network of local council budgets, which was endowed with its own sources of income, received bonuses, subsidies to cover the difference in income and expenses, as well as subventions with the share of its own funds. The organization of various types of budgets and the procedure for their preparation were regulated by state legislation.
The budget structure, consisting of the union budget financing national needs, the budgets of the union republics and local budgets, fixed in the first Constitution of the USSR in 1924, was radically changed only in 1991. Of particular importance during that period were the relationships between the union budget and the budgets of the union republics Not all Union republics had sources of income sufficient to balance their budgets, therefore budget legislation was revised in order to secure for the Union republics sustainable sources of income sufficient to provide the necessary funds for all expenses of the budgets of the Union republics.
By the Regulations on the Budgetary Rights of the USSR and Union Republics, approved by the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR on May 25, 1927, in order to give stability to the budgets of the Union republics, 99% of the income from agricultural, fishing and income taxes received on the territory of a given republic was assigned to them. The Union republics were also assigned: revenues from subsoil resources; 50% of income from the profits of enterprises of all-Union significance, administered by republican bodies: 50% of income from concessions of all-Union significance, income from the sale of all state funds, both all-Union and republican (except for state funds of local significance, the income from which belonged to local budgets); income from the repayment of all loans, including those issued to enterprises and organizations of republican significance from all-Union sources.
This distribution of revenue sources increased the interest of the republics in the receipt of all-Union revenues and contributed to the growth of their own incomes. The Union republics had the right to establish a minimum list of income and expenses included in local budgets, as well as the procedure for their preparation, consideration and approval.
The main revenue sources of the state budget of that period were revenues from the public economy and funds raised from the population, which came through the taxation system and the purchase of loans. Based on the results of the implementation of the first five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR, 74.9% of all income from the unified financial plan came from public funds, attracted funds from the population - 17.9% and other income - 7.2%.
The concept of a “unified financial plan”, in contrast to the state budget, covered all monetary accumulations of the public economy (profit, turnover tax, payroll charges, depreciation); raised funds from the population (taxes, loans, shares, deposits in savings banks, etc.) and all expenses: for capital investments, for the increase in working capital in production and circulation, for culture and management.
The main items of budget expenditure were expenditures on the national economy and social and cultural events. This trend in the development of budget expenditures continued in the future. In total, during the first five-year plan, 82.8 billion rubles were mobilized and redistributed through the USSR budget system. or 69% of all resources of a single financial plan. The rest of the resources were partially redistributed through the credit system, but for the most part they were directly distributed between individual sectors of the national economy.