Which way do the largest tankers go. World tanker fleet. From the Arctic to Europe

The Russian Federation is rightfully considered one of the world's leading oil exporters.

About 505 million tons of "black gold" are mined in the country annually.

To date, the developed in terms of the volume of explored natural oil reserves have brought Russia to the 7th place in the world.

The main deposits are Samatlorskoye, Romashkinskoye, Priobskoye, Lyantorskoye, Fedorovskoye, Mamontovskoye

Samotlor

The largest oil field in Russia is in 6th place in the world list. For a long time, its location was considered a state secret.

At the moment, this information is no longer classified. It has been under development for over 45 years, and its use will last until the end of the 21st century.

• Explored in 1965. The expedition was led by V.A. Abazarov.
• Start of operation: 1969
• Location: Nizhnevartovsk district of the Khanty-Mansky Autonomous Okrug.
• Geological reserves: about 7,100,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: about 2,700,000,000 tons.
• Production method: drilling rigs on artificial islands, cluster drilling.

Over the years of operation, more than 2,300,000,000 tons of hydrocarbons have been produced. At the moment, work is underway at the field to stimulate production. More than 570 new wells are planned to be built. The main part of the development belongs to NK Rosneft.

Romashkinskoe

Belongs to the Volga-Ural oil and gas basin. It is strategically important for the country. For several decades in a row, it has served as a kind of "testing ground" for testing new oil production technologies.

• Opened in 1948 by the team of S. Kuzmin and R. Khalikov.
• Start of operation: 1952
• Location: Leninogorsk region, Almetyevsk, Tatarstan.
• Geological reserves: about 5,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: about 3,000,000,000 tons.
• Production method: in-circuit waterflooding method, drilling with a turbodrill on water.

More than 2,200,000,000 tons of oil have already been extracted from the depths of the field. For 2010 the volume of explored reserves is 320,900,000 tons. The development is carried out by TATNEFT.

Priobskoe

Multilayer low-productivity field. It has great potential, but its implementation requires significant financial investments. The development is complicated by the swampiness of the territory, flooding, the close location of fish spawning grounds.

• Explored in 1982.
• Start of operation: 1988.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Khanty-Mansiysk.
• Geological reserves: 5,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 2,400,000,000 tons.
• Production method: hydraulic fracturing technologies, water drilling.

The field belongs to the West Siberian oil and gas basin. More than 80% of it is located in the floodplain of the Ob River. Already extracted about 1,350,000,000 tons of hydrocarbons. The development is carried out by the companies Rosneft and Gazprom Neft.

Lyantorskoe

It is considered one of the most difficult Russian deposits to develop. Belongs to the West Siberian oil and gas province.

• Explored in 1965.
• Start of operation: 1978.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Surgut region, Lyantor.
• Recoverable reserves: 380,000,000 tons.
• Production method: nine-point reverse development system, flowing well operation.

The main operator of the field is OJSC “Surgutneftegas”.

Fedorovskoe

Belongs to the Surgut arch, the southeastern part of the Chernorechensky uplift. Included in the class of giant deposits.

• Opening: 1971.
• Start of operation: 1971
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Surgut.
• Geological reserves: 2,000,000,000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 189.9 million tons.
• Production method: horizontal drilling, hydraulic fracturing, physicochemical treatment of the bottomhole zone, etc.

It is the backbone of the resource base of Surgutneftegaz. Since its commissioning, the field has produced over 571,000,000 tons of oil.

Mamontovskoe

Belongs to the class of large. Hydrocarbon deposits are located at a depth of about 2 - 2.5 km.

• Explored in 1965. Expedition leader - I.G. Shapovalov.
• Start of operation: 1970.
• Location: Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Pyt-Yakh.
• Geological reserves: 1 400 000 000 tons.
• Recoverable reserves: 93,400,000 tons.

The field is complex in terms of its geological structure. Since the beginning of operation, 561,000,000 tons of oil have been pumped out. The development is currently being carried out by Rosneft.

A large amount of oil is spilled during its transportation, read the link, what environmental problems arise in connection with this in the Sea of ​​Azov

Exploration continues

There are promising places in our country where production can reach large volumes.

In 2013, the Velikoye field was discovered. According to initial estimates, the geological reserves of oil in it are close to 300,000,000 tons. There is still no exact information on how much of this volume of hydrocarbons is recoverable.

Velikoe is one of the largest oil fields discovered onshore in recent decades. The license for its development was obtained by the AFB company. It is likely to attract other operators as partners.

In 2015, it is planned to start developing the Bazhenov Formation - this is the largest one in Russia. It is very difficult to extract oil from shale; this requires the involvement of export equipment. But plans may move due to the sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation.

In 2014, a new field, named Pobeda, was discovered in the Kara Sea - 100,000,000 tons.

The main oil pipelines have entangled the planet Earth like a spider's web. Their main direction is not difficult to determine: from the places of oil production, they are directed either to the places of oil refining, or to the places of loading on tankers. It is for this reason that the task of transporting oil has led to the creation of a large network of oil pipelines. In terms of cargo turnover, oil pipeline transport has far surpassed rail transport in terms of transportation of oil and oil products.

Trunk oil pipeline - a pipeline designed for the transportation of commercial oil from the areas of their production (from fields) or storage to places of consumption (oil depots, transshipment bases, points of loading into tanks, oil terminals, individual industrial enterprises and refineries). They are characterized by high flow capacity, pipeline diameter from 219 to 1400 mm and overpressure from 1.2 to 10 MPa.

The leaders among pipeline transport operators are the Russian company OJSC Transneft(its enterprises have the largest oil pipeline system in the world - more than 50,000 kilometers) and a Canadian enterprise Enbridge... According to forecasts of specialists in the United States, the oil pipeline systems have reached their optimal level, and therefore their laying will be frozen at the current level. The construction of oil pipelines will increase in China, India and, no matter how strange it may seem, in Europe, since there is a total diversification of supplies.

Canada

The longest pipelines besides the European continent are in Canada and are directed to the center of the continent. Among them is the oil pipeline "Reduwater - Port-Credit", the length of which is 4840 kilometers.

USA

The USA is the world's largest producer and consumer of energy. Oil is the main source of energy for the United States, and now it provides up to 40% of the country's needs. The United States has a very extensive oil pipeline system, especially densely covering the southeast of the country. Among them, the following oil pipelines can be distinguished:

- an oil pipeline with a diameter of 1220 mm, designed to pump oil from the Prudhoe Bay field in northern Alaska to the port of Valdez in its south. It crosses the state of Alaska from north to south, the length of the oil pipeline is 1288 km. It consists of a crude oil pipeline, 12 pumping stations, several hundred kilometers of supply pipelines, and a terminal in the city of Valdez. Construction of the pipeline began after the 1973 energy crisis. The rise in oil prices has made it economically viable to extract from Prudhoe Bay. The construction faced many challenges, mainly very low temperatures and rugged, isolated terrain. The oil pipeline was one of the first projects to face permafrost problems. The first barrel of oil was pumped through the pipeline in 1977. It is one of the most protected pipelines in the world. The Trans-Alaska oil pipeline was designed by engineer Yegor Popov to withstand an earthquake of up to 8.5 points. It was laid above the ground on special supports with expansion joints, allowing the pipe to slide along special metal rails in the horizontal direction by almost 6 m, using a special gravel cushion, and 1.5 meters vertically. In addition, the oil pipeline route was laid in a zigzag broken line to compensate for the stresses caused by soil displacement during very strong longitudinal seismic vibrations, as well as during the temperature expansion of the metal. The throughput of the pipeline is 2,130,000 barrels per day.

Trunk oil pipeline system "Seaway"- 1,080 kilometer oil pipeline transporting oil from Cushing, Oklahoma, to the terminal and distribution system of Freeport, Texas, on the Gulf Coast. Pipeline is an important link in the transportation of crude oil between the twooil regionsin the United States. The main pipeline was commissioned in 1976 and was originally designed to carry foreign oil from Texas ports to refineries in the Midwest. Oil was pumped in this direction until 1982, when a decision was made to transport natural gas through this pipeline, but in the opposite direction - from north to south. In June 2012, oil is pumped through the pipeline again. The capacity of the pipeline is 400,000 barrels per day. The second string of the pipeline was commissioned in December 2014 and runs parallel to the first stage "Seaway"... The capacity of the second line is 450,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline Flanagan south entered service in 2014 and has a length of 955 kilometers, crossing the states of Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and Oklahoma. The pipeline transports oil from Pontiac, Illinois, to the Cushing terminals, Oklahoma. The pipeline system has seven pumping stations. Pipeline Flanagan south provides the additional capacity needed to supply oil to refineries in North America and further through other pipelines on the US Gulf Coast. The pipeline capacity is approximately 600,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Spearhead"- 1,050 kilometer oil pipeline with a diameter of 610 mm, which transports crude oil from Cushing (Oklahoma) to the main terminal in Chicago (Illinois). The capacity of the pipeline is 300,000 barrels per day.

The first 1,000-mm oil trunk pipeline in the United States was built in 1968 to transport oil from St. James, New Orleans, to Treacle, Illinois. The length of the pipeline is 1,012 kilometers. Oil pipeline capacity "St. James" - "Molasses" 1,175,000 barrels per day.

Oil pipeline system Keystone- a network of oil pipelines in Canada and the United States. Supplies oil from the Athabasca oil sands (Alberta, Canada) to US refineries in Steel City (Nebraska), Wood River and Treacle (Illinois), off the Texas Gulf Coast. In addition to synthetic oil and molten bitumen (dilbit) from the oil sands of Canada, light crude oil is also transported from the Illinois Basin (Bakken) to Montana and North Dakota. Three phases of the project are in operation - the fourth phase is awaiting US government approval. Section I, delivering crude oil from Hardisty, Alberta, to Steel City, Wood River and Treacle, was completed in the summer of 2010, with a length of 3,456 kilometers. Section II, an offshoot of Keystone Cushing, was completed in February 2011 from the pipeline from Steel City to storage and distribution facilities at the major hub Cushing, Oklahoma. These two stages have the potential to pump oil up to 590,000 bpd to refineries in the Midwest. The third phase, a Gulf Coast offshoot, opened in January 2014 and has a capacity of up to 700,000 barrels per day. The total length of the pipeline is 4,720 kilometers.

Oil pipeline system Enbridge- a pipeline system that transports crude oil and molten bitumen from Canada to the United States. The total length of the system is 5363 kilometers, including several tracks. The main parts of the system are the 2,306 km Enbridge (Canada section of the highway) and the 3,057 km Lakehead section (the US highway section). The average throughput capacity of the pipeline system is 1,400,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "New Mexico - Cushing"- length 832 kilometers, throughput capacity 350,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline Midland-Houston- length 742 kilometers, throughput capacity 310,000 barrels per day.

Pipeline "Cushing - Wood River"- length 703 kilometers, throughput capacity 275,000 barrels per day.

Latin America

New oil fields have been discovered in Brazil, Venezuela and Mexico. Now these states are fully provided with energy resources, the supply of which is ensured by such oil pipelines as "Salyako - Baia Blanca" in Argentina 630 km long, oil pipeline "Rio de Janeiro - Belo Horizonte"In Brazil with a length of 370 km, as well as an oil pipeline "Shikuko - Coveñas" in Colombia with a length of 534 km.

Europe

Europe has large reserves of oil and gas. Of the countries belonging to the European Union, 6 are oil producers. These are Great Britain, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Romania and the Netherlands. If you take the EU as a whole, it is the largest oil producer and ranks seventh and second in terms of oil consumption in the world. The proven oil reserves of the EU countries at the beginning of 2014 amounted to 900 million tons. One of the largest highways - South European oil pipeline which transports oil from the port of Lavert to Karlsruhe via Strasbourg. The length of this pipeline is 772 km.

Pipeline "Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan", intended for the transportation of Caspian oil to the Turkish port of Ceyhan, is located on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The oil pipeline was put into operation on June 4, 2006. At present, oil is pumped through the pipeline from the block of Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli fields and condensate from the Shah Deniz field. Length of the pipeline "Baku - Tbilisi - Ceyhan" is 1768 kilometers. The oil pipeline passes through the territory of three countries - Azerbaijan (443 km), Georgia (249 km) and Turkey (1076 km). The throughput capacity is 1.2 million barrels of oil per day.

Central European oil pipeline- the suspended crude oil pipeline that crosses the Alps on the route Genoa (Italy) - Ferrara - Aigle - Inglstadt (Germany). The oil pipeline was commissioned in 1960 and supplied oil refineries in Bavaria. The pipeline closed on February 3, 1997 due to environmental problems and high remediation costs. The length of the pipeline is 1000 kilometers.

Russia

One of the oldest domestic oil pipelines - "Friendship"... The system of oil trunk pipelines was built in the 1960s by the Lengazspetsstroy enterprise of the USSR to deliver oil from the Volgouralsk oil and gas region to the socialist countries of Eastern Europe. The route runs from Almetyevsk (Tatarstan) through Samara to Mozyr and branches into the northern and southern pipelines. The northern one passes through Belarus, Poland, Germany, Latvia and Lithuania, the southern one - through Ukraine, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. Into the system of main oil pipelines "Friendship" includes 8,900 km of pipelines (of which 3,900 km are in Russia), 46 pumping stations, 38 intermediate pumping stations, whose tank farms hold 1.5 million m³ of oil. The operating capacity of the pipeline is 66.5 million tons per year.

There is also an oil pipeline BTS-1, which connects the oil fields of the Timan-Pechora, West Siberian and Ural-Povolzhsky regions with the seaport of Primorsk. The objectives of the construction of the Baltic pipeline system were to increase the capacity of the network of export oil pipelines, reduce the cost of oil export, as well as the need to reduce the risks of oil transit through other states. The throughput capacity of the oil pipeline is 70 million tons per year.

Everyone knows the oil pipeline BTS-2 from the city of Unecha in the Bryansk region to Ust-Luga in the Leningrad region, designed to become an alternative route for Russian oil supplies to Europe, which will replace the Druzhba oil pipeline and avoid transit risks.

ESPO(pipeline system "Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean") is an oil pipeline running from the city of Taishet (Irkutsk Region) to the oil loading port of Kozmino in the Nakhodka Bay. Pipeline construction ESPO has already been recognized as unique in a number of indicators, such as length (4,740 km), working conditions, unique concern for the environment and an unprecedented synergistic effect for the region's economy. Its main goal is to stimulate oil companies to develop fields in Eastern Siberia, and to diversify oil supplies by connecting large consumers in the Asia-Pacific region. Geopolitical factors also played a role - a number of laws in European countries that were directed against dependence on Russian oil. In such a situation, it is most correct to look for new sales markets in advance.

Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC)- the largest international oil transportation project with the participation of Russia, Kazakhstan, as well as leading world production companies, created for the construction and operation of a trunk pipeline with a length of more than 1.5 thousand km. It connects the fields of Western Kazakhstan (Tengiz, Karachaganak) with the Russian coast of the Black Sea (South Ozereevka terminal near Novorossiysk).

China

Today, China consumes 10 million barrels of oil per day, although it produces only 200 million tons per year. Since the country's own resources are scarce, every year it will increasingly depend on imports of oil and gas. To solve this problem and for its own purposes, Russia built ESPO-1 more than 2500 km long. It runs from Taishet to Skovorodino, and its throughput capacity is 30 million tons per year. Now the construction of the second part to the port of Kozmino (Pacific coast) is underway, while deliveries are carried out by rail. Oil is supplied to China via a section of the Skovorodino-Daqing pipeline.

Thanks to the laying of the second string of the pipeline, the ESPO-2 project envisages an increase in throughput capacity up to 80 million tons per year. It is planned to be launched in December 2012.

Kazakhstan

Pipeline "Kazakhstan-China" is the first oil pipeline for Kazakhstan that allows directly importing oil abroad. The pipeline is about 2,000 kilometers long and stretches from the Caspian Sea to the city of Xinjiang in China. The pipeline is owned by the China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) and the Kazakh oil company KazMunayGas. The construction of the gas pipeline was agreed between China and Kazakhstan in 1997. The construction of the oil pipeline was carried out in several stages.

Near East

South Iranian oil pipeline the length of 600 km is laid to the Persian Gulf and is an outlet to the world oil markets.

Pipeline "Kirkuk - Ceyhan"- 970 km oil pipeline, the largest oil pipeline in Iraq, connecting the Kirkuk field (Iraq) with the oil loading port in Ceyhan (Turkey). The oil pipeline consists of 2 pipes with a diameter of 1170 and 1020 millimeters, with a throughput of 1,100 and 500 thousand barrels per day, respectively. But now the pipeline does not use all of its capacities and in fact passes through it about 300 thousand barrels a day. In many places, the pipes are in need of significant repairs. Since 2003, on the Iraqi side, the operation of the pipeline has been complicated by numerous acts of sabotage.

Transaravian oil pipeline- The 1214-kilometer-long non-working oil pipeline that ran from Al-Qaysum in Saudi Arabia to Saida (oil port) in Lebanon. It served as an important part of the world oil trade, American and intra-Middle East politics during its existence, and also contributed to the economic development of Lebanon. The throughput capacity was 79000 m 3 per day. Building transaravian oil pipeline began in 1947 and was conducted mainly under the leadership of the American company Bechtel. Initially, it was supposed to end in Haifa, which was then under the British mandate in Palestine, but in connection with the creation of the State of Israel, an alternative route was chosen through Syria (Golan Heights) to Lebanon with a port terminal at Saida. Pumping oil through the pipeline began in 1950. Since 1967, as a result of the Six Day War, the part of the pipeline that passed through the Golan Heights came under Israeli control, but the Israelis did not close the pipeline. After years of constant disputes between Saudi Arabia, Syria and Lebanon over transit fees, the appearance of oil supertankers, and oil pipeline accidents, part of the line north of Jordan ceased to function in 1976. The remainder of the Saudi Arabia-Jordan pipeline continued to transport small volumes of oil until 1990, when Saudi Arabia cut off supplies in response to Jordan's neutrality during the first Gulf War. Today, the entire line is unsuitable for transporting oil.

10

• Stocks: 13,986 million barrels.
• Extraction: 2 624 thousand bar / day

Despite occupying 10th place in our list, Brazil provides only half of its oil needs and is forced to import it. The annual demand for oil is 75 million tons. The main manufacturing industries in Brazil are the oil refining and chemical industries. The manufacturing industry accounts for over a quarter of the GDP.

9

• Stocks: 104,000 million barrels.
• Extraction: 3,000 thousand bar / day

Kuwait is one of the most important oil exporters and is a member of OPEC. On June 19, 1961, Kuwait became an independent state. The code of laws was drawn up by an Egyptian lawyer who was invited by the emir. In the 1970s-1980s, thanks to the export of oil, Kuwait became one of the richest countries in the world, the standard of living in this country was one of the highest in the world. According to Kuwait's own assessment, it possesses large oil reserves - about 104 billion barrels, that is, 6% of the world's oil reserves. Oil provides Kuwait with about 50% of GDP, 95% of export revenues and 95% of state budget revenues. In 2014, Kuwait's GDP was about $ 172.35 billion, per capita - $ 43,103.

8 United Arab Emirates

• Stocks: 97,800 million barrels
• Extraction: 3,188 thousand bar / day

On December 1, 1971, six of the seven Emirates of Treaty Oman announced the creation of a federation called the United Arab Emirates. The Seventh Emirate, Ras al-Khaimah, joined in 1972. The granting of independence coincided with a sharp jump in the prices of oil and petroleum products caused by the tough energy policy of Saudi Arabia, which made it easier for the new state to take independent steps in the field of economy and foreign policy. Thanks to oil revenues and skilful investment in the development of industry, agriculture, the formation of numerous free economic zones, the Emirates were able to achieve relative economic prosperity in the shortest possible time. The spheres of tourism and finance have received significant development.

Most of the mining is done in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Other oil producers by importance are Dubai, Sharjah and Ras Al Khaimah.

Recently, the share of revenues from oil production and refining in total GDP has been declining, which is associated with government measures to diversify the economy.

7

• Stocks: 173,625-175,200 million barrels.
• Extraction: 3,652 thousand bar / day

Canada is one of the richest countries in the world with high per capita income and is a member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the G7. However, due to the very low population density, some states are ranked among the developing countries. Canada is the world's largest producer of uranium, and is among the largest producers of hydropower, oil, natural gas and coal. In the early 2010s, most of Canada's oil is produced in the western provinces of Alberta (68.8%) and Saskatchewan (16.1%). The country has 19 refineries, 16 of which produce a full range of petroleum products.

6

• Stocks: 157,300 million barrels.
• Extraction: 3,920 thousand bar / day

Iran is located in a strategically important region of Eurasia and has large reserves of oil and natural gas, is an industrial country with a developed oil industry. There are oil refineries and petrochemical enterprises. Extraction of oil, coal, gas, copper, iron, manganese and lead-zinc ores. The Iranian constitution prohibits the sale of shares of national oil companies to foreign companies or the granting of oil production concessions to them. The development of oil fields is carried out by the state-owned Iranian National Oil Company (INNK). Since the late 1990s, however, foreign investors have entered the oil industry (French Total and Elf Aquitaine, Malaysian Petronas, Italian Eni, China National Oil Company, and Belarusian Belneftekhim), who receive part of the oil produced under compensation contracts, and upon expiration of the contract, the deposits are transferred under the control of INNK.

Despite its colossal hydrocarbon reserves, Iran is experiencing a power shortage. Electricity imports exceed exports by 500 million kilowatt-hours.

5

• Stocks: 25,585 million barrels.
• Extraction: 3,938 thousand bar / day

Oil is an important source of energy resources for China. In terms of oil reserves, China stands out among the countries of Central, East and Southeast Asia. Oil deposits have been found in various regions, but the most significant are in Northeastern China (Sungari-Nonni plain), coastal territories and shelf of North China, as well as in some inland areas - the Dzhungar Basin, Sichuan.

The first oil was produced in China in 1949; since 1960, the development of the Daqing field began. 1993 was a pivotal year for the Chinese energy sector, marking the end of the era of self-sufficiency. China experienced a shortage of oil for the first time since 1965. Until 1965, the PRC also experienced a shortage of this type of fuel, importing it from the USSR. However, after the development of large Daqing fields, China was able to provide oil not only for itself, but also for its neighbors by the beginning of the 70s. Subsequently, a number of other deposits were also discovered in the east of the country. Oil exports have also been one of the main sources of foreign exchange. From the beginning of the 1980s, due to a lack of investment in the oil industry, the depletion of old fields and a lack of new ones, the rate of growth in oil production began to decline. The consequences of the ineffective implementation of the self-sufficiency strategy manifested itself in the fact that China, which was not affected by the 1973 and 1978 oil shocks, did not, like Western countries, develop energy-saving technologies and focus on energy security problems, including efficient production while causing minimal harm to the environment. Nevertheless, the exploration of oil fields in the PRC was carried out very actively - in 1997-2006. 230 deposits were discovered. Proved oil reserves in China at the beginning of 2006 amounted to 18.3 billion barrels. By 2025, this figure will increase by another 19.6 billion barrels. At the same time, undiscovered reserves amount to 14.6 billion barrels.

4

• Stocks: 140,300 million barrels.
• Extraction: 4,415 thousand bar / day

The main minerals of Iraq are oil and gas, the deposits of which stretch from the northwest to the southeast of the country along the Mesopotamian foredeep and belong to the oil and gas basin of the Persian Gulf. The main branch of the economy is oil production.

Iraqi state-owned companies North Oil Company (NOC) and South Oil Company (SOC) have a monopoly on the development of local oil fields. They report to the oil ministry. Iraq's southern fields, managed by the SOC, produce about 1.8 million barrels of oil per day, which is almost 90% of all oil produced in Iraq. Iraq's revenues from oil exports since the beginning of 2009 as of August 1, 2009 amounted to $ 20 billion. On August 10, 2009, Jasem al-Mari, General Director of the Marketing Department at the Oil Ministry, announced this. Iraq has the third proven hydrocarbon reserves in the world. Their export provides about 98 percent of the income to the state budget of the country.

3 United States of America

• Stocks: 36,420 million barrels.
• Extraction: 8 744 thousand bar / day

Oil is a key source of energy for the United States. It currently supplies about 40% of the total energy requirement. In the United States Department of Energy, there is a Mineral Energy Management unit that is responsible for the critical oil issues of responding to supply disruptions and keeping American fields running. In case the United States encounters production problems or oil supply disruptions, there is a so-called strategic oil reserve, created after the 1973-1974 oil crisis, which currently stands at about 727 million barrels of oil. Now the reserves of the strategic oil reserve are enough for 90 days.

The leaders in oil production are Texas, Alaska (North Slope), California (San Joaquin River Basin), as well as the continental shelf of the Gulf of Mexico. However, oil production from the remaining fields in the United States is becoming increasingly expensive as much of the inexpensive-to-produce available oil has already been produced. According to statistics, for every barrel produced in American fields, 2 barrels remain in the ground. These data indicate that it is necessary to develop technologies in drilling, oil production, as well as the search and development of new fields. The use of oil shale and sands and the production of synthetic oil could significantly increase American oil reserves.

2

• Stocks: 80,000 million barrels
• Extraction: 10,254 thousand bar / day

In terms of oil reserves, the Russian Federation ranks eighth. Oil reserves are estimated at 80,000 million barrels. Most of these resources are concentrated in the eastern and northern regions of the country, as well as on the shelves of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas. At the beginning of the 21st century, less than half of the oil fields discovered in Russia have been involved in development since 2152, and the reserves of the exploited fields have been depleted by an average of 45%. However, the initial potential of Russia's oil resources is realized by about a third, and in the eastern regions and on the Russian shelf - by no more than 10%, so that it is possible to discover new large reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, including in Western Siberia.

1

• Stocks: 268,350 million barrels.
• Extraction: 10 625 thousand bar / day

In March 1938, colossal oil fields were discovered in Saudi Arabia. Due to the outbreak of World War II, their development began only in 1946, and by 1949 there was already a well-established oil industry in the country. Oil has become a source of wealth and prosperity for the state. Today Saudi Arabia, with its colossal oil reserves, is the main state of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Oil exports account for 95% of the country's exports and 75% of the country's revenues, making it possible to maintain the welfare state. The economy of Saudi Arabia is based on the oil industry, which accounts for 45% of the country's gross domestic product. Proven oil reserves amount to 260 billion barrels (24% of the world's proven oil reserves). Saudi Arabia plays a key role as a “stabilizing producer” in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, through which it regulates world oil prices.

Grade 10. Fuel and energy complex Option 1

1. Which of the American states is OPEC?

A) USA b) Mexico c) Brazil d) Panama e) Venezuela f) Chile

2.Where is OPEC headquarters located? a) Istanbul b) Vienna c) Warsaw d) Brussels e) London

3. Which way do the largest oil tankers go?

a) Through the Suez Canal from the Persian Gulf to Europe; c) from Indonesia to Europe;

B) along the coast of Africa from the Persian Gulf to Europe; d) from Venezuela to the USA.

4. In Europe, the countries producing oil are:

a) Denmark, Italy, Norway, Great Britain;

B) France, Portugal, Switzerland;

C) Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Greece.

5. Set the correspondence:

1. Countries that produce coal for their own use only.

2. Countries exporting some of the coal. a) Japan, USA, Italy, UK, France.

3. Countries of importers. b) India, Kazakhstan, Ukraine, Germany, Great Britain.

C) China, Australia, Russia, Poland, Canada, South Africa.

6. Set the correspondence:

1. HPP a) Canada, Norway, New Zealand, Brazil, Tanzania, Nepal;

2. TPP b) France, Japan, South Korea, Sweden, Belgium;

3. NPP c) South Africa, Germany, Australia, USA, China.

7. Among the countries of Eastern Europe in terms of reserves of hydropower resources, the following stand out:

1) Latvia and Lithuania; 2) Poland and the Czech Republic; 3) Bulgaria and Macedonia; 4) Romania and Slovakia.

8. The main coal producing countries are: A) developed B) developing

9. The highest share of energy produced at nuclear power plants is characteristic of:
A) for Poland B) for France C) for Norway

10. Why is oil transported from the countries of the Middle East both along Africa and through the Suez Canal? Isn't it more profitable to carry all the oil through the Suez Canal? After all, this transportation route is shorter.

11. How to explain that Japan, which ranks second in the production of industrial products in the top eight countries, is in fourth place in terms of consumption of primary energy resources per capita?

Grade 10. Fuel and energy complex Option 2

1. How many countries are OPEC members? a) 5 b) 7 c) 10 d) 12 e) 15

2. Most of the oil is produced:

a) in the developed countries of Europe; c) in the developing countries of Africa;

B) in developing countries of Asia; d) in the developing countries of Latin America.

3. Select the leading African countries in oil production:

a) Nigeria b) Algeria c) Egypt d) Libya e) South Africa f) Gabon g) Morocco

4. Rank the countries in descending order of proven oil reserves.

1. Saudi Arabia 2. Iran 3. Russia 4. USA

5. The share of what type of fuel reached 80% in the 20th century? a) gas b) coal c) uranium d) oil

6. Set the correspondence:

1. The country ranks 10th in terms of electricity production, the share of hydroelectric power plants is 93%. A. France

2. The country ranks 7th in terms of electricity production, the share of nuclear power plants - 77%. B. Russia

3. The country ranks 4th in terms of electricity production, the share of thermal power plants - 72%. B. Brazil

7. Establish correspondence in the structure of power generation:

1. TPP A. 17%

2. HPP B. 20%

3. NPP V. 62%

4. Alternative power plants G. 1%

8. The largest oil producers in the world are the following countries:

A) Western Asia B) Africa C) Latin America

9. Locate power plants as their share in global electricity production decreases: A) HPP B) NPP C) TPP

10. Why are the main gas buyers in the Northern Hemisphere?

11. Why do India and China, which are among the top ten countries, in terms of industrial production belong to the group of countries with low consumption of energy resources?

Grade 10. Fuel and energy complex ANSWERS

Option 1

10. Why is oil transported from the countries of the Middle East both along Africa and through the Suez Canal? Isn't it more profitable to carry all the oil through the Suez Canal? After all, this transportation route is shorter.

The depth of the Suez Canal is shallow, so tankers with a large vessel draft cannot pass through it.

11. How to explain that Japan, which ranks second in the production of industrial products in the top eight countries, is in fourth place in terms of consumption of primary energy resources per capita?

Japan is successfully introducing energy-saving technologies into production, which is caused by necessity. Having no fuel of her own, she is forced to buy it.

Option 2

10. Why are the main gas buyers in the Northern Hemisphere?

Gas in the countries of the "North" is used not only as fuel, raw material for the chemical industry, but also as fuel at thermal power plants and thermal power plants. (developed countries, no or insufficient fuel resources)

11. Why do India and China, which are among the top ten countries, in terms of industrial production belong to the group of countries with low consumption of energy resources?

These countries with a high population and 1 person get a low indicator of energy consumption.

1.Russia takes an honorable first place among the countries producing oil. More than 10,124,000 barrels are produced daily in the Russian Federation. According to some reports, the remaining oil reserves do not exceed 50 billion barrels.More than 12% of all oil produced in the world is produced in Russia .

7th place - Samotlor 7.1 billion tons

2. Saudi Arabia is the second largest country in the world in terms of oil production. Saudi Arabia produces just over 10 million barrels per day. Today this country is the largest oil exporter. According to some reports, a fifth of the remaining oil in the world lies in the lands of Saudi Arabia.

Al-Gawar 20 billion tons

3. USA takes an honorable third place. According to experts, 21 billion barrels of oil lie in the lands of the United States. About 9.6 million barrels are produced daily in the United States, which is approximately 11% of all oil produced.

4. In China produce about 5% of all oil in the world. This equates to approximately 4.3 million barrels per day. The country's total reserves are just over 20 billion barrels.

5.Iran plays a very important role in the oil business. After all, the oil produced in Iran is of very high quality, which makes it possible to export it at more favorable prices. Iran produces about 4.25 million barrels per day.

6. Canada. The oil business is the main industry in North America. It is Canada that is the closest oil supplier to the United States. Meanwhile, more than 3.3 million barrels per day are produced in Canada.

7. Mexico. Along with Saudi Arabia and Canada, Mexico is also a supplier of oil to the United States. Pumping out about 3 million barrels daily, Mexico owns 3.5% of all oil produced in the world.

The largest in the world - Chicontepec 22.1 billion tons

8. United Arab Emirates produce about 2.8 million barrels per day, which is about 3.3% of all oil produced. However, the UAE ranks sixth in terms of oil reserves. Today the UAE has one of the most developed economies in Western Asia.

9. Brazil. The country has over 8.5 billion oil reserves, while producing just over 2.5 million barrels per day. In Brazil, the richest oil field is called Tupi oil Field. Carioca Sugar Loaf 11 billion tons Located in the Atlantic Ocean 330 km southeast of São Paulo

10. Kuwait. In this country, oil is produced at almost the same rate as in Brazil. The country is in no hurry to produce large volumes of oil. With just under 2.5 million barrels per day, the country knows total reserves are in excess of 104 billion barrels.

Outcomes: Russia, which officially refused to export oil and produces it at the fastest rates, has practically the highest gasoline prices. It's no secret that in many countries, including the UAE, the cost of high-quality gasoline does not exceed 3-6 rubles per liter. And only in our country, gasoline does not have the proper quality, it costs more than 25 rubles per liter, and besides that, at gas stations they manage to dilute it and not even brazenly refill it. The prime cost of gasoline in Russia is much lower. After all, more than 60% of the final cost is fees, taxes and excise duties.. 1 barrel oil ≈ 0.1364 tons = 136.4 oil.

Metallurgical complex. Ferrous metallurgy. “Iron is not only the basis of the whole world, the most important metal of the nature around us, it is the basis of culture and industry, it is a weapon of war and peaceful labor. And it is difficult to find another element in the entire periodic table that would be so connected with the past, present and future destinies of mankind. " A.E. Fersman RMO of teachers of geography of the Rzhevsky region (open lesson). Completed by: teacher of geography Grechkina M.A.

1. Which of the American states is OPEC? a) USA; b) Mexico; c) Brazil; d) Panama; e) Venezuela; f) Chile 2. How many countries are OPEC members? a) 5; b) 7; at 10 o'clock; d) 12; e) 15; 3.Where is OPEC headquarters located? a) Istanbul; b) Vienna; c) Warsaw; d) Brussels; e) London; 4. Most of the oil is produced: a) in the developed countries of Europe; b) in the developing countries of Asia; c) in the developing countries of Africa; d) in the developing countries of Latin America; 5. Which way do the largest oil tankers go? a) through the Suez Canal from the Persian Gulf to Europe; b) along the coast of Africa from the Persian Gulf to Europe; c) from Indonesia to Japan; d) from Venezuela to the USA; 6. Select the leading African countries in oil production: a) Nigeria; b) Algeria; c) Libya; d) Egypt; e) South Africa; f) Angola; g) Zambia; h) Morocco 7. In Europe, the countries producing oil are: a) Denmark, Norway, Italy, Great Britain; b) France, Portugal, Switzerland; c) Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Greece; 8. Arrange the countries in descending order of their proven oil reserves: a) Saudi Arabia; b) Russia; in USA; d) Iran;

1. Which of the American states is OPEC? a) USA; b) Mexico; c) Brazil; d) Panama; e) Venezuela; f) Chile 2. How many countries are OPEC members? a) 5; b) 7; at 10 o'clock; d) 12; e) 15; 3.Where is OPEC headquarters located? a) Istanbul; b) Vienna; c) Warsaw; d) Brussels; e) London; 4. Most of the oil is produced: a) in the developed countries of Europe; b) in the developing countries of Asia; c) in the developing countries of Africa; d) in the developing countries of Latin America; 5. Which way do the largest oil tankers go? a) through the Suez Canal from the Persian Gulf to Europe; b) along the coast of Africa from the Persian Gulf to Europe; c) from Indonesia to Japan; d) from Venezuela to the USA; 6. Select the leading African countries in oil production: a) Nigeria; b) Algeria; c) Libya; d) Egypt; e) South Africa; f) Angola; g) Zambia; h) Morocco 7. In Europe, the countries producing oil are: a) Denmark, Norway, Italy, Great Britain; b) France, Portugal, Switzerland; c) Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Greece 8. Arrange the countries in descending order of proven oil reserves: a) Saudi Arabia; d) Iran; b) Russia; in USA;

Ferrous metallurgy Technological features Location factors Industry geography Industry development trends

Technological process Includes: ore mining, beneficiation, smelting, rolling and production of ferroalloys. Raw materials Products Iron ore Coking coals Manganese, alloying metal ores Iron ore Coking coals Manganese, alloying metal ores Cast iron Steel Alloyed steel Cast iron Steel Alloyed steel

Cast iron is an alloy of iron with carbon containing permanent impurities (Si, Mn, S, P), and sometimes alloying elements (Cr, Ni, V). It is smelted from iron ore in blast furnaces. Steel is a malleable alloy of iron with carbon (up to 2%) and other elements. It is obtained mainly from a mixture of pig iron with scrap steel in BOF and electric furnaces. Alloy steel - alloy. To impart certain physical or mechanical properties to iron alloys, alloying elements - Cr, Ni, V, Mo, W, T.

The largest exporters of steel and rolled products The largest importers of steel and rolled products China EU countries Japan USA Russia South Korea Ukraine China Germany Benelux countries Benelux is a political, economic and customs union in Western Europe, which includes three monarchies: Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Leading countries in the production of ferrous metallurgy products Pig iron, 2003 Steel, 2008 China India Japan Republic of Korea USA Brazil Russia India Romania Republic of Korea Kazakhstan Germany

Use of various methods of steelmaking,% of the total production volume, 2008 Country Steelmaking methods Oxygen-converter In electric furnaces In open-hearth furnaces Russia55,128,416,5 USA41,958,1- Japan 75,224,8- FRG68,131,9 - Worldwide 67,230,62,2

Location factors 1. Raw materials (proximity to ore deposits); 2. fuel (presence of a source of coking coal); 3. transport (especially important for enterprises operating on imported raw materials, away from sources of ore and coal); 4.ecological (enterprises of ferrous metallurgy, especially outdated and using the blast-furnace process, are one of the "dirtiest" industries); 5. consumer (availability of a consumer of steel - large machine-building centers).

Influence of scientific and technological revolution on ferrous metallurgy 1. Improving the quality of iron and steel and reducing their consumption per unit of final product 2. Reducing production losses 3. Decreasing the raw material and fuel factor 4. Increasing the consumer and environmental factor 5. Location of enterprises in coastal regions 6. Pig iron production in developing countries, and steel production in developed countries Ore mining countries Steel smelting countries China Brazil Australia Russia India USA Ukraine Canada South Africa Venezuela China Japan USA Russia Germany Brazil India Ukraine France Great Britain

Using the map of the world ferrous metallurgy in the atlas, select three or four examples of regions and centers that focus on: 1) a combination of coal and iron ore reserves; 2) reserves of coal; 3) iron ore reserves; 4) cargo flows of coal and ore. Using the map of the world ferrous metallurgy in the atlas, select three or four examples of regions and centers that focus on: 1) a combination of coal and iron ore reserves; 2) reserves of coal; 3) iron ore reserves; 4) cargo flows of coal and ore. In the notebook

Regions and centers focusing on: a combination of coal and iron ore reserves coal reserves iron ore reserves Coal and ore cargo flows Anshan (China), Damodar (India), Transvaal (South Africa) Ruhr (Germany), Upper Silesia (Poland), South Wales (UK). Magnitogorsk (Russia), Kryvyi Rih (Ukraine), Lorraine (France), Annaba (Algeria), Volta Redonda (Brazil) Cherepovets (Russia), Krakow (Poland), Kosice (Slavakia), Dunkirk and Fos (France), Torento (Italy)

Industry development trends Using the method of continuous casting of steel, secondary metallurgy (blast-free), microalloying. Creation of mini-factories. There are many such factories in the USA, Japan, Italy, Spain, Mexico, Brazil. In the global smelting of ferrous metals, the share of developing countries is increasing, while the share of developed countries is decreasing. In developed countries, the use of secondary raw materials (steel scrap) is of great importance. Creation of large steel monopolies (TNCs). Leaders - ArcelorMittal, Nippon Steel1, Baosteel Group.

Organizations related to ferrous metallurgy The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is an integration group of 12 EU member states. It controls almost all coal mining, over 90% of iron and steel smelting, about 50% of iron ore mining in Western Europe. The headquarters is in Brussels.

Major metallurgical companies in the world "KRUPP" - a metallurgical and machine-building concern of Germany Founded: 1811 Sales: $ 8.4 billion Employed: 63 thousand people. KRUPP is a metallurgical and machine-building concern of the Federal Republic of Germany Founded: 1811 Sales: $ 8.4 billion Employed: 63 thousand people. LTV is a US company created as an electronic company, acquired metallurgical companies in 1974 and 1984 Founded: 1958 Sales: $ 7.5 billion Employed: 43.7 thousand people. LTV is a US company created as an electronic company, acquired metallurgical companies in 1974 and 1984 Founded: 1958 Sales: $ 7.5 billion Employed: 43.7 thousand people. MANNESMAN is a pipe-rolling and machine-building concern of the Federal Republic of Germany Founded: 1890 Sales: $ 11.6 billion Employed: 122 thousand people. MANNESMAN is a pipe-rolling and machine-building concern of the Federal Republic of Germany Founded: 1890 Sales: $ 11.6 billion Employed: 122 thousand people. NIPPON STEEL is a Japanese metallurgical company Founded: 1970 Sales: $ 17.1 billion Employed: 67.8 thousand people. NIPPON STEEL is a Japanese metallurgical company Founded: 1970 Sales: $ 17.1 billion Employed: 67.8 thousand people.

Conclusion Ferrous metallurgy is the base industry. Raw materials and fuel factors play an important role in the location of metallurgical enterprises. The industry is characterized by a high concentration of production, combination. The solution to the economic, environmental and social problems of the industry is associated with the modernization of production, an increase in the volume and quality of products that are competitive in the domestic and foreign markets. These are additional jobs and a decrease in the tension of the environmental situation.

Task 1: Using the text of the textbook and atlas maps, fill in the table "Comparative characteristics of the Atlantic metallurgical base of the USA and Ruhr Germany" Raw materials 4.Main centers 5.Placement factors

Assignment at home Based on the text of the textbook, tables, figures, atlas maps, give a detailed description of the world ferrous metallurgy. Plan: 1. The importance of the industry in the world economy, its sectoral composition, the impact of scientific and technological revolution on its development. 2. Sizes of production of products with distribution by main geographic regions. 3. The main producing countries. 4. Countries-exporters and importers. 5. Environmental and ecological problems arising in connection with the development of the industry. 6. Prospects for the development and placement of the industry.