Public buildings and structures - classification. General information about buildings and structures What applies to public buildings and structures

Public buildings are included in the service sector. They are used for educational, educational, medical, cultural and other activities. All these processes require certain conditions. RF (latest edition) is a key regulatory act containing regulations that facilities must comply with. Various sets of rules specify the provisions. One of them is SP 118.13330.2012 "Public buildings and structures". This document came into force on January 1, 2013. The act establishes standards for. In this article, let's look at some general principles for drawing up a site plan.

Relevance of the issue

Design of residential and public buildings- a special field of activity. The effective functioning of the internal environment of an object is ensured through spatial organization and the implementation of special measures aimed at protecting people from the adverse influence of external factors. The primary quality of a structure is its compliance with the activities that will be carried out in it. The functional characteristics are varied. They reflect not only the complexity and diversity of human needs, but also the scientific and technical level and the characteristics of the area. Purpose of the building defines key architectural parameters. At the same time, ideas about the suitability of an object for the purposes for which it is used are constantly changing over time. The emergence of new types of structures ensures the emergence of structures and materials. They, in turn, contribute to the introduction of new architectural ensembles into practice. This dialectical unity is the most important condition for the progressive development of the construction sector. The artistic and functional goals of architecture are embodied in specific forms. They provide strength, durability, reliability of objects and their parts. Purpose of the building determines its design features. The internal structure of the facility must allow the planned activities to be carried out without any difficulties.

Design of public buildings

It is a complex, multi-level creative process. carried out on the basis of state regulations. General includes a comprehensive solution to various engineering and architectural issues:

Welfare services for personnel.
Rational placement of the object and its elements on the site designated for this purpose. In this case, planning is carried out taking into account the requirements contained in Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation (latest edition), technological requirements, as well as relative altitude location.
Improvement of the surrounding area.
Transport, economic, engineering and technical support.
Territory protection.

Blueprints

Design of public buildings includes drawing up various schemes:

Situational plan. It is compiled on a scale of 1:10,000 (or 25,000).
Layout plan (location of structures on the ground). It has a scale of 1:500, 1:2000, 1:1000.

The latter includes plans:

Relief organizations.
Earth masses.
Engineering networks (summary diagram).
Landscaping.

The development of drawings is carried out to the minimum required volume. Their level of detail reflects the technical solutions adopted and corresponds to a specific design stage.

Situational diagram

It reflects the state of the territories adjacent to the area planned for construction, as well as its changes associated with preparatory activities on the ground. The situational scheme determines the rational placement, transport, external engineering, economic, and production connections of the enterprise with other objects, including auxiliary ones, as well as areas for personnel resettlement, the road network, and the boundaries of the sanitary protection zone. The plan reflects the permissible territorial development of the structure for the future. It contains information about the intended use of the areas adjacent to the facility.

Key principles

When drawing up master plans, it is necessary to reflect:

Zoning.
Differentiation of cargo transport and human flows.
Blocking.
Placement of facilities intended to serve employees.
Ensuring the priority of construction and future development of the territory.
Unification of parameters and modularity of building and planning components.
Entrances and entrances to the site.
and methods of forming an architectural composition.
Driveways and roads.

Space-planning solutions

The organizational chart of an object is determined by its location and interconnection:

planning core;
structural nodes vertically and horizontally.

The first is the room (one or more) that is most important in terms of its functions and dimensions. A structural node is a block of interconnected areas that play a structure-forming role in the formation of the composition of an object. These elements include:

Entrance groups. These include dressing rooms, lobbies, vestibules.
Groups of main rooms. They are auditoriums, halls, etc.
Groups of auxiliary and utility areas, bathrooms.

Public building premises, forming structural nodes, ensure the entry of people from the external space, the preparation of the internal environment of the object for the implementation of basic functions, the performance of auxiliary and main tasks, the movement of visitors and personnel.

Entry group

It includes various elements. In accordance with the purpose of the building, the evacuation and loading system, the following are created:

Combined outputs and inputs. This planning solution is considered the most common.
Disconnected outputs and inputs. Such elements are installed in museums, shops, and so on.
Separate exits and entrances for women and men. This solution is used in sports complexes, bathhouses, etc.

Characteristics of elements

The entrance group is considered a mandatory part for many public buildings. It includes utility areas, a vestibule, vestibules, and a wardrobe. The latter is designed for storing clothes. It is located near the entrance, but at a small distance from the path of people. The main elements with which the wardrobe is associated are a freight elevator, stairs, halls, etc. It is considered an organic part of the lobby, which, in turn, can be one or two levels. The common space must be free to accommodate the required number of people. In this regard, regardless of the structural structure of the object, the lobby is planned to be framed. At the same time, a freight elevator, escalators, stairs, etc. should be conveniently connected to it. The vestibule is the space between the inner and outer doors. It can also be an extension to a small building. It provides protection from precipitation, temperature changes, etc. When designing vestibules, the free movement of people should be taken into account. In this regard, their depth is no less than one and a half width of one door leaf.

Ceiling height: standard

The distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is determined according to SNiP. It depends on the purpose of the building and the volume of human flow. The main parameters are as follows:

In public buildings and living rooms of sanatoriums, the distance from the floor to the upper ceiling is at least 3 m. For objects with living spaces of a different type, separate rules apply.
In bath and health complexes designed for 100 people. and more, the distance to the upper ceiling from the floor is not less than 3.3 m.
The ceiling height in dry cleaners and laundries is 3.6 meters or more.

In some auxiliary rooms and corridors, in accordance with technological requirements and space-planning solutions, a smaller distance is allowed. However, the ceiling height should not be lower than 1.9 m. Subject to compliance with functional and technical rules, the distance to the upper floor of the attic floors can be reduced under an inclined upper floor. Moreover, the area of such a section cannot be more than 40% of the S of the entire room. On the lowest part of the inclined plane, the height is at least 1.2 m, if the slope is 30 degrees, if 45 - 0.8 m, 60 degrees - not limited. In office and other administrative rooms, the distance to the upper ceiling is at least 3 m. Meanwhile, the standards allow for some exceptions. They can be small offices that are not located in administrative buildings. The distance to the upper ceiling in them is allowed to be set according to the parameters provided for other types of buildings (residential, in particular).

Additionally

Special attention should be paid to the technical floor. The distance to the upper ceiling is set individually in each case. Various factors are taken into account. Technical floor is a space in which utility networks, auxiliary equipment and other technical means are located. When determining the required distance from the floor to the top, the specifics of their installation, as well as operating conditions, should be taken into account. The ceiling height in areas where service workers move to the lower elements of the protruding parts must be at least 1.8 m. If the space is planned to be used exclusively for placing utilities in the form of pipelines or for insulating them from non-combustible materials, the minimum distance to the upper ceiling is 1.6 m.

Conclusion

Public buildings serve different functions. Among them:

Creating conditions for interaction between people and serving the population.
Providing for episodic, regular, everyday needs of citizens. In particular, we are talking about leisure activities, spiritual development, cultural enlightenment, education, etc.

The functional structure of buildings includes three components: recreational and health, industrial and household. Any space inside an object must meet the goals of the activity that is carried out in it as fully as possible.

The planning structure, composition, interconnection and parameters of the premises of a public building are determined by the requirements of the functional and technological process taking place in this building. In a modern public building, there are usually several processes. Among them, there is a main one, which determines the purpose of the building, and secondary processes that have an auxiliary purpose (for example, in an educational institution, the main process is the educational lesson, and the auxiliary ones are administrative and economic activities, catering, medical care, cultural leisure, etc.) . The main function forms the main room, the auxiliary function forms the composition and parameters of the auxiliary and auxiliary rooms.

Public buildings according to the space-planning organization of the functional and technological process can be combined into the following groups:

a) with a large main hall and a number of small auxiliary volumes (theatres, concert halls, cinemas, indoor sports arenas, circuses, etc.);
b) with a number of repeated small main volumes with the same functions (schools, hospitals, administrative institutions, etc.);
c) with several functionally connected main halls (exhibition pavilions, museums, art galleries, etc.);
d) mixed type, consisting of halls and small groups (higher educational institutions, libraries, clubs, leisure centers, design and research institutes, etc.).

The development of a space-planning solution for a public building is carried out taking into account functional, physical-technical, structural, architectural, artistic and economic requirements.

At the beginning of the design, all functional processes occurring in the building are brought into a specific system, presented graphically in the form of a functional diagram of the building for this purpose (Fig. 14.1). The diagram shows all groups of premises and their planning relationships - direct, immediate or indirect, with the help of other premises, corridors, halls, stairs. The quality of the architectural design of a building is largely determined by the rationality of the spatial organization of the functional diagram.

The room parameters of a public building are determined by the functional space required for the functional process (or its elements) in this room. At the same time, the average anthropometric indicators of a person, his movements in space, the dimensions of furniture and equipment, etc. are taken into account. On this basis, scientifically based dimensions of the space required for this process are established and linked to an enlarged modular grid of dimensions.

The approximate total area of the main premises of a public building is determined by multiplying the area per unit of capacity (indicated in the design standards) by the capacity of the building.

The capacity of buildings is determined by capacity indicators, which are different for different types of buildings. For example, for cinemas, concert and universal halls, clubs, the calculated indicator is the number of spectator seats, for schools, vocational schools, secondary and higher educational institutions - the number of students, for hospitals - the number of beds, for libraries - the number of books, for shops - the number of workers ( shopping) places, for canteens - the number of seats, etc.

In accordance with the functional organization, a rational planning scheme of a public building is adopted: hall, corridor, enfilade, combined. There is also a pavilion scheme, which provides for the placement of premises (or groups of premises) in separate buildings - pavilions, combined compositionally into a single complex.

The planning solution of internal spaces determines the nature of the overall compositional scheme of a public building - compact, linear (extended) or dissected. A compact composition is based on a hall and mixed grouping of premises, a linear one is based on a corridor and enfilade grouping, and a dissected one involves a pavilion system.

The space-planning solution of the building as a whole, as well as its individual elements, parts, premises, the building structures and materials used must meet fire safety requirements in accordance with SNiP 21-01-97*. According to the standards, all elements and materials are classified according to fire hazard and fire resistance.

In accordance with the classification, building materials are divided into combustible (G) and non-combustible (NG). In turn, combustibles are divided into groups by flammability (B), by flame spread over the surface (RP), by smoke-forming ability (D) and by the toxicity of combustion products (T).

Building structures are characterized by fire resistance and fire hazard. Evacuation stairs and staircases are classified and have a standard designation.

Buildings and premises (groups of premises) are divided into five classes according to functional fire hazard: F1, F2, FZ, F4, F5, with separate types of buildings identified within each class. For example, preschool institutions are classified as class F1.1, schools - as class F4.1, industrial buildings - as class F5.1.

Particular attention is paid to ensuring the safety of emergency evacuation of people when designing evacuation routes, evacuation and emergency exits.

Exits are emergency exits if they lead to:

from the premises of the first floor to the outside directly or through the vestibule (foyer), corridor, staircase;
from the premises of any floor (except the first) directly to the staircase or to the 3rd type staircase (external open), or through a corridor or hall (foyer) having the same exits;
to an adjacent room (except for class F5 rooms of categories A and B) on the same floor, provided with the exits indicated above.

Detailed requirements for the installation of these paths in buildings for various purposes are set out in the relevant sections of SNiP.

The main function corresponds to the main room (or group of rooms) of a public building, which forms its compositional core. When developing the overall composition of a building, the spatial (horizontal and vertical) relationships of the core with the structural nodes are determined. The structural units in a public building are:

entrance group (vestibules, lobbies, dressing rooms);
a group of auxiliary and utility rooms, sanitary facilities;
horizontal communications (corridors, halls, galleries, foyers);
vertical communications (stairs, elevators, escalators).

Entry group

It should provide convenient access to the building for all groups of people, including the elderly and disabled. Tambours are gateway-type entrance devices that are used to equip entrances in all public buildings for year-round use. In buildings intended to directly serve the population, the installation of a vestibule must provide free and convenient access for people with disabilities. The vestibule performs the function of thermal protection of the internal space (lobby) at negative outdoor temperatures. It is designed in the form of one airlock with two consecutive doors in buildings erected in climatic regions IV and III and two airlocks with three doors in II and I regions. At the same time, the heat-protective functions of the vestibule are ensured by the complete closing of the first door before opening the next one. A thermal curtain can be installed in the vestibule. The minimum depth of the vestibule is taken equal to the width of the door leaves plus 0.3 m. At the same time, the depth of the gateway (vestibule) is determined not only by the ease of use at the entrance and exit, but also by the possibility of entry and exit of disabled people in wheelchairs and must be at least 1 .5 m. The width of the gateway from the same conditions is at least 2.2 m. The width of the doorway of the entrance to the building is taken to be at least 1.31 m. The lower part of the entrance door leaf to a height of 0.3 m from the floor is protected by a strip of impact-resistant material. The thresholds at the entrance doors are made rounded with a height of 0.025 m.

In front of the entrance (vestibule), a porch or platform measuring at least 1.5 x 1.5 m is arranged outside. Inside the building, a platform measuring 1.2 x 1.5 m is also provided in front of the front door. The presence of these platforms allows a disabled person in a wheelchair to maneuver when opening the doors " "towards you" and "away from you". The height of the porch (platform) is at least 0.15 m from the level of the sidewalk in front of the building. At the same time, the steps of the porch must be duplicated by a ramp 1.2 m wide with a slope of 8%. External stairs and ramps must have handrails that are installed on both sides at a height of 0.9 m. A canopy with drainage is installed above the porch (platform) in front of the entrance to the building.

Lobbies

Lobbies are usually located at the main entrance to the building, but in large centers, complexes, and extended buildings there may be several lobbies with equal entrances. In entertainment buildings (theatres, cinemas, etc.), a separate box office lobby is designed.

A dressing room can be located in the lobby. The area of the lobby is determined depending on the capacity, operating mode of the public building, as well as the maximum area between fire walls (given in the design standards). The lobby area is taken at the rate of at least 0.20-0.25 m2 per visitor (or working in an administrative building), but not less than 18 m2.

Dressing rooms

Designed for storing outerwear of employees and visitors and equipped with open hangers (regular floor, hanging or cantilever type) with an area of 0.1 m2 and 0.08 m2, respectively.

The dressing room is designed, as a rule, with a depth of no more than 6 m. For issuing and receiving clothes, a barrier 0.6-0.7 m wide is installed at the rate of 1 shoulder strap, m for 30-50 places. A passage 0.8-1.0 m wide is provided between the barrier and the hangers, and in front of the barrier there is a free area 3-4 m wide for visitors to approach.

The floor level of the lobby (with a dressing room) must be no less than 0.15 m higher than the level of the sidewalk in front of the entrance. The architecture of the lobby, its spatial, plastic solution depends on the purpose, social and urban planning significance of the building.

Utility and auxiliary rooms have different sizes: from small, with an area of 3-8 m2 and a height of 2.4-3.6 m (storerooms, technical rooms, etc.) to very large ones, with an area of 150, 200 or more m2 and up to 6 m high (store warehouses, storage facilities, museum storerooms, etc.).

Sanitary facilities

All public buildings and structures are equipped with them in accordance with the requirements of building codes and regulations (SNiP). The sanitary facilities include the following premises: latrines, washrooms, showers, and bathtubs. The composition of premises, the type and quantity of their equipment are established by design standards and depend on the purpose and capacity of the public building.

Sanitary units in the building are located mainly on the main routes of people's movement - in the lobbies, near the staircases, in the corridors. When placing bathrooms on floors, they should be placed one above the other vertically. For aesthetic reasons, it is not recommended to locate bathrooms near the outer walls of the main façade of a public building. Bathrooms do not necessarily require natural light, so they can be located in the depths of the building. For some public buildings, such as kindergartens, hospitals, etc., the location of bathrooms is determined by regulations.

The maximum distance from the restrooms to the most remote place where people are staying should not exceed 75 m. Entrances to the restrooms are provided through a gateway in which washbasins and electric towels are located. Restrooms are equipped with toilets located in closed cabins measuring 1.2x0.8 m. Men's restrooms are also equipped with urinals in a number, usually equal to the number of cabins.

For disabled people in wheelchairs, the size of the restrooms is determined based on the conditions for placing the wheelchair. The cabin is designed with increased dimensions of 2.2x2.2 m and is equipped with a toilet, washbasin and special handrails (Fig. 14.2).

Showers and baths are designed mainly as part of the bathrooms of medical, sports, health, preschool institutions, boarding schools, as well as some other public institutions. The shower rooms are separated from the corridor or adjacent room by a gateway - a pre-shower room, a space intended for wiping the body.

Showers and pre-shower rooms are not allowed to be located near the external walls of the building.

Group showers are usually equipped with open shower cabins with dimensions of 0.9 x 0.9 m, fenced on three sides by partitions no less than 1.8 m high from the floor level. The width of the passage between the rows of booths is 1.5 m, between the row of booths and the wall (partition) 1.2 m.

Enclosed shower cabins of a general type (for the elderly and disabled) and for people with disabilities in wheelchairs should also be provided. Closed cabins of the general type are designed with a size of 1.8x0.9 m, cabins for disabled people in wheelchairs are 2.1x1.7 m. The cabin for disabled people in wheelchairs is equipped with a bathtub, washbasin and special handrails. Entrances to closed cabins are designed from rooms separate from the showers. Cabin doors must open outward. Examples of showers are shown in Fig. 14.2(3).

Communication rooms

Horizontal and vertical communications are determined by the space-planning solution of a public building; with their help, the interconnection of premises is carried out. To connect rooms within one level (floor), horizontal communications are used - corridors, galleries, recreation areas, passages, etc. To connect rooms at different levels, vertical communications are used - stairs, elevators, ramps, escalators. Distribution and connecting communication nodes are floor-by-floor staircase and elevator halls.

Communication rooms are designed for the movement of people and are the main routes for evacuating people from a building in extreme conditions. Corridors should have a clear layout that allows visitors to the building to navigate freely. Therefore, corridors should be mostly straight with a minimum number of turns and ledges.

Corridors

There are main and secondary, through and dead-end corridors. In some cases, corridors also perform additional functions - waiting, resting, walking (for example, in hospitals, clinics). In accordance with this, the planning solution is changed and the corridors are transformed into foyers, waiting rooms, lobbies, and recreation areas. For example, recreations are corridors equipped with natural light and expanded to 2.8-3.2 m. Recreational functions are also performed by “light pockets” arranged along the length of the corridor. Foyers and lobbies are usually arranged in auditoriums in the form of wide corridors or compact rooms with an aspect ratio of 1:2. The main corridors are along which the main flow of visitors moves to the stairs and exits from the building.

Corridors require natural light. Corridors lined with rooms on both sides and illuminated from one end have a maximum length of 24 m, from two ends - 48 m. In longer corridors, light breaks (“light pockets”) are installed for natural lighting. The distance from the window at the end of the corridor to the “pocket” is no more than 30 m, the distance along the length of the corridor between the “pockets” is 24 m.

The width of the corridors is determined depending on the intensity of the human flow and its density (the ratio of the number of evacuees from the premises to the area of the evacuation route) and must comply with evacuation requirements in accordance with SNiP. The smallest width of the main corridors is assumed to be 1.5 m, secondary - 1.2 m. It should be noted that the width of the corridors, calculated according to evacuation requirements, may be different for buildings of different purposes and the degree of their fire resistance.

The maximum distance from the exit from the premises on the floor to the emergency exit is established by SNiP. These distances for some public buildings are given in table. 14.1.

Stairs and ramps

Vertical communications are such structural elements as stairs and ramps, as well as various mechanical lifting means - elevators, escalators, lifts. The staircase consists of flights of stairs and landings - floor and interfloor. The material for stairs in public buildings is reinforced concrete (precast or monolithic) or steel structures.

The march is a supporting structure made of inclined beams (stringers) on which the steps are supported. In modern construction, these two main elements of the staircase can be separate or a single structure. In mass construction, prefabricated reinforced concrete stairs are used from small-sized elements (consisting of prefabricated steps and stringers) and from large-sized elements (prefabricated flights and landings). Z-shaped marches with half-platforms have become widespread in public buildings made of reinforced concrete frames.

According to their functional purpose and general architectural design, staircases are divided into entrance, main, auxiliary, service, emergency, and fire staircases. The main staircases are designed for the movement of the main flow of visitors. They are located in the lobby and connect it with the main (main) premises; in buildings of I and II degrees of fire resistance, the main staircases can be made open and emphatically ceremonial, wide, with rich decoration. In this case, the required number of evacuation stairs must be provided.

Main staircases are mainly used for entertainment, sports, exhibition, large shopping, etc. buildings. In other cases, a building may have several equivalent main staircases.

Auxiliary stairs are built for additional communication between floors. Service staircases are used mainly by the staff of public institutions and they are located at the service entrances to the building.

The main and especially auxiliary staircases serve as escape routes for people from the building.

In accordance with the requirements of fire safety standards, the evacuation staircase must be fireproof and enclosed in an isolated volume of fireproof structures - a staircase.

In a building, from the floor above the first, there must be at least two emergency exits to the staircases, while 50% of the stairs must have natural light.

The floor area in a building located between fire walls (firewalls) depends on the number of floors and the degree of fire resistance of the building is given in table. 14.2.

Emergency exits on the floor should be located dispersedly. Escape stairs must have the same number of steps in each flight. The minimum number of steps in a march is 3, the maximum is 18 (in preschool institutions 16). Spiral stairs and those with winder steps cannot be used as evacuation stairs.

Doors in staircases and escape routes must open in the direction of exit from the building. The minimum clear door width is 0.9 m, height is 2 m. Sliding and revolving doors and turnstiles should not be located on escape routes.

The width of the flight of stairs must be no less than the width of the door to the staircase and is taken to be no less than 1.2 m and no more than 2.4 m. The width of the landing is no less than the width of the flight. Prefabricated platforms have a standard width of 1.0; 1.3; 1.6; 1.9 m. A gap of at least 0.10 m is provided between the marches for the passage of a fire hose. The height of the handrail is 0.9 m from the tread level. If the flight width is more than 1.5 m, it is advisable to install handrails on both sides. In buildings of preschool institutions and schools with first grades, flights of stairs must have a fence with a height of at least 1.2 m. In this case, horizontal division of the fence is not allowed, and vertical elements of the fence are installed with a clearance of no more than 100 mm.

Ramps are flat structures connecting floor levels of different heights. They are installed outside and inside the building on the routes of people's movement. Ramps are made with a slope:

1:8 (outdoor) and 1:6 (indoor) - for general use
1:12 - for the movement of disabled people in wheelchairs
1:20 - in hospitals, medical institutions

Due to the fact that ramps, due to the small slope, acquire a significant length, their use inside the building should be limited.

Handrails (railings) are installed along both sides of all internal stairs and ramps at a height of 0.9 m from the floor level and at a distance of 0.05 m from the wall. The handrail on the inside of the stairs must be continuous; its final parts are made longer than the flight of stairs (ramp) by 0.3 m.

Elevators and lifts

Elevators, lifts, and escalators are mechanical means of vertical communication between floors. They are not considered as routes and means of escape. Elevators, according to their purpose, are divided into passenger, hospital, freight (including light-duty) and special. In public buildings, the number of passenger elevators is calculated, but not less than two. One of the elevators must have a cabin with a depth of at least 2.1 m to transport a person on a stretcher.

In multi-storey public buildings that are constantly visited by people, passenger elevators are provided:

in buildings with a height of 2 floors and above - for people with disabilities in wheelchairs, as well as higher educational institutions, research institutes, etc. when the difference in floor elevations of the first and last floors is 13.2 m or more;
in management buildings, credit and financial buildings, etc., as well as dispensaries and sanatoriums - 3 floors and above;
In the buildings of hospitals, outpatient clinics, clinics, maternity hospitals, a hospital elevator is installed at a height of 2 floors and above.

In multi-storey public buildings, passenger elevators with a lifting capacity of 1000 and 1600 kg are used, with a capacity of 12 - 20 people, respectively. Freight elevators are used with a cabin lifting capacity of 500-5000 kg, light lifts - up to 100 kg (shop, library, kitchen, etc.). The dimensions of the elevator cabin are 1.4 x 2.1 m, allowing disabled people in wheelchairs to use the elevator.

In a multi-storey public building, elevators, depending on their number and planning solution, are placed singly or in groups. Elevators are interlocked with stairwells. Groups of elevators are located in special elevator halls. The width of the hall is determined by the arrangement of elevators: for a single-row arrangement - 2.2 m, for a double-row arrangement - from 3.3 to 5 m.

The speed of the cabin of a regular passenger elevator is 0.9 -1.4 m/sec, high-speed - 2, 2.8 and 4 m/sec, hospital elevator - 0.5 m/sec. The elevator cabin, with the help of a lifting mechanism, moves in an elevator shaft made of fireproof materials (brick, concrete, metal). The elevator machine room with the lifting mechanism is usually located above the shaft. The height of the machine room is at least 2.1 m.

The distance from the elevator to the door of the most remote room with people present should not exceed 60 m.

Public buildings - a general definition of buildings and premises intended to house institutions, enterprises, organizations, etc., providing services (services) to individuals (population) or legal entities (society and state).

public building intended for the implementation of public functions: trade, education, consumer services, entertainment. The primary elements of the entire sphere are service objects.

All objects are divided into many separate types depending on:

From the method of production of services (productive - these are enterprises, non-productive - these are institutions);

From the functional purpose (by industry - educational institutions, health care, culture and sports);

From organizational and technological forms (to head, basic, ordinary, multidisciplinary, specialized, stationary, mobile);

From the frequency of use (everyday, periodic, episodic);

Depending on the nature of the demand (can be unique or standard);

From social significance (two types - social and commercial);

From the coverage of the territory (intra-village and inter-village);

From forms of ownership (state, private);

By number of floors: small and multi-storey;

According to the planning and compositional solution:

Cellular structures (schools, administrative),

Halls with supports (canteens) and unsupported spaces (sports facilities, theaters);

Enfilade composition;

Centralized, block, pavilion.

By function:

1. administrative (buildings of public organizations, etc.)

2. children's institutions (daycare centers, nurseries)

3. educational (schools, technical colleges, universities)

4. cultural and educational (museums, clubs, cultural centers, libraries, theaters, exhibition pavilions, cinemas, circuses)

5. medical and preventive (hospitals, clinics, maternity hospitals, dispensaries, sanatoriums, rest homes)

6. shopping (shops, department stores, shopping centers, indoor markets, hypermarkets, malls, etc.)

7. public catering (canteens, restaurants, cafes)

8. sports (indoor stadiums, sports and gymnasiums and swimming pools)

9. utilities and consumer services (baths, laundries, hotels)

10. transport and communications buildings (garages, air and bus stations, railway, river and sea stations, radio and television centers, post and telegraph offices).

As part of the classification by function, it is divided into types and types:

Function- cultural and educational, Types of cultural institutions - youth houses and palaces, leisure centers, libraries, theaters, cinemas... Types of theaters - drama, children's, puppet.

By location within the city:

1. citywide

2. regional

3. microdistrict

Two types according to the nature of operation:

- are used evenly throughout the entire time (administration buildings, hospitals, exhibition halls, etc.); located on all floors.

Used only during short breaks (theatres, cinemas); The location is dispersed - close to the foyer and sidelines.

7. Principles of functional organization of public buildings. Basic and auxiliary functional and planning elements of public buildings. Techniques for grouping rooms.

The main factor, the basis for the space-planning solution of public buildings and structures, is the functional purpose, that is, the social human activity for which the building is being built. Any process as a single cycle is characterized by features that depend on its functional and technological nature, the number of people participating in it, the necessary amenities, equipment, furniture and, in general, the organization of the internal space.

When designing large public buildings, public and public shopping centers, characterized by a wide variety of internal spaces, it is advisable to carry out so-called functional zoning, i.e., dividing into zones from homogeneous groups of premises, based on the commonality of their functional purpose and internal relationships. Public buildings are intended for the temporary residence of people in connection with the implementation of various and diverse functional processes of recreation, everyday life and work - education, sports, entertainment, entertainment, nutrition, medical care, trade, management, etc. In accordance with their purpose, public buildings buildings are divided into various types - educational, catering, entertainment, medical, etc.

The functional structure of public buildings consists of three main parts: recreational and health, household and industrial. The premises of the building must most fully correspond to the processes that take place in it. The compliance of a room with a particular function is achieved only when optimal conditions for a person are created in it, that is, the space corresponds to the functional and technological process carried out in the room. Each type of public building is characterized by its own functional and technological process, on the basis of which certain design requirements are imposed.

Functional processes mainly determine the overall compositional scheme of a building. Depending on the nature of the process, there are main, auxiliary and service. There are also communication rooms intended for the interconnection of individual rooms or their groups. These processes significantly influence the choice of their planning solution.

In the main premises processes are carried out that determine the main purpose of public buildings. These include office premises of administrative buildings, classrooms and auditoriums of educational institutions, wards and offices of medical institutions, halls of entertainment institutions, etc. The main premises determine the volumetric-spatial and planning structure of a public building. Depending on the main function of the main premises, requirements are imposed on them that correspond to their main purpose (good visibility and audibility - for auditoriums, illumination for convenience - office premises, school classrooms and auditoriums of educational institutions, etc.).

The auxiliary ones include premises that are necessary to ensure the implementation of basic processes taking place in public buildings, but do not determine their purpose. These are foyers, lobbies of theaters and cinemas, conference rooms of administrative buildings, showrooms and exhibition halls of trade enterprises.

Servicing includes groups of premises that are not directly related to the main functional process carried out in the building, but are necessary in accordance with the requirements of sanitation, hygiene and comfort (entrance area, buffets, sanitary facilities).

The entrance group of premises includes vestibules, vestibules, dressing rooms . The entrance group is divided into main, service and auxiliary. Main entrance is the organizing unit of the building. Usually there is one main entrance, but in buildings with a large number of visitors (large department stores, sports complexes) there are separate entrances to each sector. Service entrances are provided for service personnel, artists, and athletes. Auxiliary inputs are necessary for visitors to enter the adjacent territory of the site, to the park, to the sports ground, as well as for fire safety requirements. In all cases, these entrances are emergency escape routes.

Tambours are thermal gateways installed on the path of penetration of cold outside air into the building. Tambours are usually built into the building, but sometimes in the form of extensions. Its depth must be sufficient for the doors to open and close freely.

According to evacuation requirements, all doors must open outward. They also install vestibules with rotating, swinging and sliding doors in different directions.

Lobby - the first distribution room on the path of a visitor entering a public building. The opening of the building's internal space begins from the lobby. It is where horizontal and vertical communication flows most often converge. The layout of the lobby is designed as a small hall. It has a dressing room, information services, and shopping kiosks. The layout, architectural and spatial solution, quantity and relative location depend on the typological affiliation of the building and capacity. The vestibule group should be located equidistant from the main groups of rooms.

Communication rooms They are divided into horizontal (corridors, galleries, passages), connecting rooms located on the same floor, and vertical (stairs, ramps, elevators, escalators), connecting rooms located on different floors. Intersecting, they form communication nodes (lobbies, halls, lobbies).

Corridors They are carried out through and dead-end, located along one of the facades or located deep in the building. The length of the corridor when illuminated from one end should not exceed 24 m, when illuminated from two ends - 48 m. Light pockets in the corridors every 24 m, between the light pocket and the window at the end of the corridor - 30 m. The width of the corridor is calculated in accordance with the intensity of human flows, but not less than 1.5 m for main and 1.2 m for secondary flows. In educational institutions, hospitals, sanatoriums, 2.2 and 1.8 m, respectively.

Stairs - the most important element of the building’s vertical communications. The location and number of stairs depends on the number of floors, layout and intensity of human flows. The main requirements for stairs: ease of use and compliance with fire safety requirements. Based on their purpose in buildings, they are divided into main, secondary and fire departments. The width of the flights of the main staircases (in buildings of 1-3 groups) with the number of people on the floor of more than 200 people, as well as in buildings of cinemas, clubs, hospitals, regardless of the number of seats, is assigned to 1.35 m. The width of the stairs leading to the room with up to five people, 0.9 m is accepted. The slope of the flights of stairs should be no more than 1: 2 for main and secondary stairs and 1: 1.5 for stairs leading to utility rooms, basements and basements floors, where the unit is the height of the floor. The number of steps on the march must be no less than 3 and no more than 16.

Ramps - these are stairs in which marches with steps are replaced by plane-paths with a slope of 1: 7. Ramps take up a lot of space. They are used at crossings when the difference in floor marks is up to 2 m, in the passages of auditoriums with seats located in an amphitheater.

Elevators are the main type of vertical transport of multi-storey public buildings. In mid-rise buildings, where elevators are used along with staircases, they are usually located together. In high-rise buildings, where elevators are the main type of vertical communication, they are grouped and located in special elevator halls, forming independent communication nodes. The distance from the elevators to the doors of the most remote room should not exceed 60 m. Elevator shafts are fenced with fireproof structures.

Escalators - inclined moving stairs. They are used in large public buildings with massive, intense traffic of visitors (large supermarkets, shopping centers, train stations, airports). Their capacity exceeds the capacity of stairs and elevators and reaches 150 people/min.

The entire system of horizontal and vertical communications constitutes a diagram of evacuation routes. There are two cases of evacuation: normal and emergency. Emergency evacuation occurs in the event of a fire, earthquake and other disasters that threaten the destruction of buildings and their communications. The standard time for a normal exit from a building is 10-15 minutes, for emergency evacuation - 4-7 minutes in fire-resistant buildings and 2-3 minutes in non-fire-resistant buildings. The number of emergency exits from buildings must be at least two. As a second evacuation exit from the second floor of buildings (except for schools, kindergartens, hospitals of III-IV degrees of fire resistance), it is allowed to use external fire escapes with a flight width of 0.8 m, a step width of 0.2 m (rod treads are not are allowed). Exit from the premises to the stairs is through balconies and galleries.

Public buildings

"...Public buildings include: nurseries and kindergartens; secondary schools and boarding schools; vocational, technical and agricultural educational institutions; higher and secondary specialized educational institutions; shops, catering establishments; medical institutions, sanatoriums and houses recreation; pioneer camps; sports purposes; theaters, cinemas, circuses, clubs, houses of culture; administrative purposes, design, research organizations, etc.; libraries, museums, exhibition halls, etc...."

Source:

Order of the Ministry of Housing and Utilities of the RSFSR dated 08/04/1981 N 420 “On approval and implementation of the “Rules for the technical operation of hotels and their equipment”

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012.

See what “Public buildings” are in other dictionaries:

Public buildings, structures, complexes- the group of public buildings, structures and complexes includes healthcare and recreation facilities, physical education and sports facilities, education, upbringing and training, research institutions, design and public... ...

Public buildings and structures- 7.9. Public buildings and structures, houses and palaces of culture, exhibition buildings and structures, theaters, hotels, trade and catering establishments, incl. cafes, restaurants, stadiums and gyms, etc. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

temporary public buildings- 3.4 public buildings for temporary stay: Hotels, boarding houses, holiday homes, campsites and other institutions. Source: SP 137.13330.2012: Living environment with planning elements accessible to people with disabilities. Design rules... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Order 390: On amendments to SNiP 2.08.02-89* “Public buildings and structures”- Terminology Order 390: On amendments to SNiP 2.08.02 89* “Public buildings and structures”: Elevator hall is the room in front of the entrance to the elevators. Definitions of the term from various documents: Elevator hall Loggia built-in or... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

MDS 35-9.2000: Recommendations for the design of the environment, buildings and structures taking into account the needs of people with disabilities and other low-mobility groups. Issue 19. Public buildings and structures. Buildings and structures for transport purposes- Terminology MDS 35 9.2000: Recommendations for the design of the environment, buildings and structures taking into account the needs of people with disabilities and other groups with limited mobility. Issue 19. Public buildings and structures. Buildings and constructions… … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

medium-sized industrial and public buildings- [Intent] Topics of buildings, structures, premises EN medium sized tertiary buildings and workshops ... Technical Translator's Guide

MDS 35-5.2000: Recommendations for the design of the environment, buildings and structures taking into account the needs of people with disabilities and other low-mobility groups. Issue 10. Public buildings and structures. Treatment and preventive institutions: clinics, outpatient clinics, pharmacies- Terminology MDS 35 5.2000: Recommendations for the design of the environment, buildings and structures taking into account the needs of people with disabilities and other low-mobility groups. Issue 10. Public buildings and structures. Treatment facilities... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Public buildings and structures- buildings and structures intended for social services to the population and for housing administrative institutions and public organizations. Source: STO 00043363 01 2008: Reconstruction and modernization of the housing stock ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Buildings for residential and civil purposes- 3.19 Buildings for housing and civil purposes, apartment buildings for permanent residence of people and hostels for temporary residence, as well as buildings and structures for public purposes in accordance with Appendix 1 title= Public buildings and... ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

Temporary buildings and structures include production, storage, auxiliary, residential and public buildings and structures that are specially erected or adapted for the construction period and are necessary for the production of construction... ... Official terminology

Books

Architecture of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau Public buildings Book One, Kirilov B., The book of the famous architectural historian B. M. Kirikov examines in detail the architectural monuments of St. Petersburg Art Nouveau - mansions and apartment buildings. Their unique and... Category:

Public buildings are intended for the temporary residence of people while carrying out certain functional processes in these buildings related to education, healthcare, entertainment, sports, recreation, etc. In the course of social development, new social connections between people arise. Accordingly, the number of types of public buildings, differing in purpose, is increasing.

Public buildings and structures, in accordance with their purpose, are classified into:

Educational institutions

Preschool
School
Educational institutions for training and advanced training of specialists
Higher education institutions

Gallery: unusual university buildings.

Buildings for research institutions and design organizations

Buildings and structures for healthcare and recreation

Clinics
Hospitals (Medical with inpatient care)
Sanatoriums, health resorts

Recreation and tourism institutions

Buildings and structures for physical education, recreation and sports
Outdoor sports and physical education facilities
Indoor buildings and structures of physical education, sports and recreation complexes

Buildings of cultural, educational and entertainment institutions

Libraries
Museum and exhibition complexes
Club buildings (clubs, houses and palaces of culture, leisure centers and others)
Entertainment buildings (theatres, concert halls, cinemas, circuses and others)

Buildings for trade, catering and consumer services enterprises

Buildings for retail trade enterprises (shops, supermarkets)
Buildings for catering establishments
Buildings for consumer service enterprises intended for direct service to the population (non-production - laundries, car services, etc.)