This presentation reveals the essence of the market, its types and functions. This topic is relevant, since the modern economy of developed countries is of a market nature. This economy is efficient now and will determine the economy of the future in all countries of the world.
The purpose of the presentation is to study the market, its essence, causes, main features, functions, types, as well as positive and negative aspects of the market mechanism.
The presentation can be used in a social studies lesson for accompanying the explanation of new material, primary consolidation of knowledge, generalization and systematization of knowledge.
*Conditions for the emergence and function of the market.
*Classification of markets.
*Main market factors and economic laws in force in the markets.
MARKET- these are all organizational, legal and material mechanisms and institutions that ensure the exchange of goods, everything that connects the seller and the buyer in their desire to increase their wealth. MARKET - a meeting place for sellers and buyers, where their interests collide
Market Basis
stimulating
Intermediary
informing
Market Functions
Regulatory
Pricing
Sanitizing
Market classification
Service market
Innovation market
Market
real estate
goods market
Investment market
capital market
Market
work force
land market
Credit market
Stocks and bods market
Market
information
funds market
production
By territorial
sign
National
regional
By degree of saturation
Excess market
According to the mechanism of operation
Free
Monopolized
adjustable
State regulated
From a legal point of view
illegal
legal
Ask
sentence
Main
market
factors
Competition
Price
- Law of value
- Law of supply and demand
The law of value is the economic law of commodity production, according to which the production and exchange of goods are carried out in accordance with the socially necessary expenditures of labor.
Price is the monetary expression of value. Cost is the cost expressed in money for the production and sale of goods.
The most important instrument of a market economy are demand and sentence.
Demand is those goods and services that the consumer has chosen to buy and is willing to buy at a certain price level.
The basis of demand-need.
Needs are those goods and services that people would like to have if they did not have to pay for them or for the purchase of which there would be enough money.
Demand - needs limited by the solvency of the buyer.
The law of demand states that as the price of a good rises, the demand for it will fall.
The price is a reference point for the producer and the consumer.
The price is a signal for the market.
Price
growing
Production
expands
Production
shrinking
Price
falls
Law of demand
The quantity demanded is inversely related to the price:
demand is lower
the price is higher
demand is higher
the price is lower
The offer is the amount of goods that the seller is willing to offer the buyer in a specific place and at a specific time.
The law of supply states that as the price of a commodity rises, the quantity supplied to the market will increase.
Law of supply
The value of the offer is directly dependent on the price:
sentence
the price is higher
sentence
the price is lower
Competition
Competition is the struggle between participants in the market economy for the most favorable conditions for the production and sale of goods.
Competition
Market advantages:
efficient allocation of resources;
adaptation to changing conditions;
freedom of choice and actions of producers and consumers;
maximum use of scientific and technological achievements;
satisfaction of various needs;
improving the quality of goods and services. .
Market Disadvantages:
does not contribute to the conservation of non-reproducible resources;
does not create incentives for the production of goods and services for collective use;
does not guarantee full employment and a stable price level;
gives rise to social injustice and the stratification of society into rich and poor.
The market is a sphere of free exchange of equivalent goods and
services.
The market emerges as a result
social division of labor.
conclusions
Demand is the goods and services that a consumer is willing to buy at a certain price level.
Demand is inversely related to the price of goods: higher price - lower demand.
The offer is the amount of goods that the seller is willing to offer the buyer.
The offer is directly dependent on the price: the higher the price - the more offer.
Market equilibrium occurs when demand equals supply.
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Slides captions:
TAXES Voznova Elena Gennadievna Teacher of history and social science GBOU school 2299 Moscow
Sea, forest, river, fields - This is my homeland ... So that the country is strong Pay the tax in full!
Tax - a mandatory contribution to the budget of the appropriate level, carried out by payers in the manner and on the terms determined by legislative acts. On the fundamentals of the tax system in the Russian Federation. Law, 1992
Classification of taxes: - By methods of their collection Direct Indirect By entities Legal entities Individuals - By objects From income From property
Taxes are the most important source of income for the state and local authorities Taxes are a unique tool in a market economy Taxes perform a number of important functions.
Tax function 1 Regulatory - by changing tax rates, tax conditions, introducing benefits and penalties, the authorities create conditions for regulating economic processes (business activity, capital transfers ...)
2 Stimulating - With the help of taxes, the state encourages such economic processes that are necessary and beneficial to society.
3 Redistributive - Taxes actually redistribute the state budget financial resources from taxpayers to those in need (pensioners, low-income families).
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"To foresee is to control." Pascal Blaise
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Lesson plan
1. Economic functions of the state 2. Taxes, taxation, types of taxes 3. State budget 4. State debt
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The functions of the state in the economy
1. Development of economic legislation 2. Support for competition 3. Redistribution of costs 4. Provision of social guarantees 5. Regulation of the distribution of resources 6. Stabilization of the economy 7. Entrepreneurial activity (support) 8. Organization of money circulation 9. Support for the optimal level of employment 10. Implementation of national economic interests in the global economy
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Keynesianism
Keynes's theory is the theory of effective demand, with the active intervention of the state in economic life. Keynes' idea is to influence the production and supply of goods and services through the activation and stimulation of aggregate demand (general purchasing power). Keynesian theory gives crucial importance to investment.
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Monetarism
Monetarism is a school of economic thought that assigns a decisive role to money in the oscillatory movement of the economy. Monetary - means monetary (money - money, monetary - monetary). Representatives of this school see the main reason for the instability of the economy in the instability of monetary parameters.
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taxes
A tax is a mandatory, individually gratuitous payment levied from organizations and individuals in the form of alienation of funds belonging to them by right of ownership, economic management or operational management of funds in order to financially support the activities of the state and (or) municipalities.
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Fees
Fee - a mandatory fee levied from organizations and individuals, the payment of which is one of the conditions for the commission of state bodies, local governments, other authorized bodies and officials of legally significant actions in relation to payers of fees, including the granting of certain rights or the issuance of permits (licenses) .
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Characteristic features of the tax as a payment:
obligation; individual gratuitousness; alienation of funds belonging to organizations and individuals on the basis of ownership, economic management or operational management; focus on financing the activities of the state or municipalities.
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Characteristic features of the collection as a contribution:
obligation; one of the conditions for the commission of legally significant actions by state and other bodies in the interests of payers of fees.
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Tax functions:
fiscal function, which is to provide the state with the financial resources necessary for the implementation of its activities (a source of state revenue); regulatory function, thanks to which taxes either stimulate or restrain this or that economic activity (regulator of the economic system).
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Types of taxes by the nature of taxation:
proportional (the share of tax in income, or the average tax rate with income growth); progressive (the share of tax in income increases with income growth); regressive (the share of tax in income falls with increasing income).
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Types of taxes on the object:
direct; indirect.
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Types of taxes by subject:
central, local.
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Types of taxes according to the principle of intended use:
marked; unmarked.
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Marked taxes
Marking is the linking of a tax with a specific direction of spending funds. If the tax has a target character and the corresponding revenues are not used for any other purpose, except for the one for which it was introduced, then such a tax is called marked. Examples of labeled taxes can be payments to a pension fund, a compulsory health insurance fund, a road fund, etc. All other taxes are considered non-labeled. The advantage of unmarked taxes is that they provide flexibility in budgetary policy - they can be spent at the discretion of the state body in those areas that it considers necessary.
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The state budget
from English. budget - a bag, a wallet is an estimate of the state's income and expenditure for a certain period of time, compiled with an indication of the sources of government revenue and directions, channels for spending money.
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State debt
The total amount of government liabilities for issued and outstanding government loans, loans received and interest on them, government-issued guarantees.
View all slides
The role of the state in the economy
8th grade. Social science
The role of the state in the economy
Depends on the type of economic system!
Traditional system
command system
market system
Traditional system
- dominance of subsistence farming.
- commitment to tradition.
- There is no commodity-money exchange.
- Lack of technical progress.
- Land and capital are in common ownership.
command system
- The state strictly regulates production, exchange and distribution.
- Planning.
- Land and capital are predominantly owned by the state.
market system
- The manufacturer decides what, how and for whom to produce.
- Land and capital are in private hands.
- The state ensures order in society within the framework of the law.
“... In order to close any loophole through which products could get out of state control, in March 1933. in the USSR, a decree was issued according to which, until the district fulfills the grain procurement plan, 90% of the milled grain was given to the state, and the remaining 10% was distributed among collective farmers as an advance payment for work.
What type of system characterizes the text?
“... In October 1922. In our country, a new Land Code was adopted, according to which the peasants received the right ... to choose the forms of land use. Strict centralization ... was abolished. The factories independently solved the issues of procurement of raw materials and the sale of finished products.
State functions
- Control over the use of natural resources, environmental protection.
- Helping the poor, solving social problems.
- Protecting the interests of consumers and entrepreneurs.
- Property protection.
- Creation of laws on economic issues.
- Regulation of the money supply in the country.
- Prevention of economic crises.
belief
Taxation
Regulation
State
Economy
In connection with the increase in the price of bread, the inhabitants of the N-th region began to stock up on products "for the future." Such a boom in goods has led to a shortage of many products.
Which of the methods will be successful in this situation and why?
Automotive companies in the country began to go bankrupt due to the fact that citizens buy only foreign cars, as they are cheaper and more practical to operate.
taxes- obligatory payments
from the population to the state.
indirect
straight
Table: Types of taxes
Question
Direct taxes
Definition
Indirect taxes
Read the text on page 94 in your textbook and complete the table.
Social politics
Social politics - a set of measures taken by the government in the social sphere.
- Pensions.
- Organization of employment policy, assistance to the unemployed.
- Scholarships.
- Help for the family.
- Free medical care.
Homework
- Read § 14.
- Learn: traditional system, market system, command system, taxes, direct taxes, indirect taxes, social policy.
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Purpose: To consider the role of the state in the country's economy To get acquainted with the taxation system
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Lesson plan: Types of economic systems Functions of the state Taxation and its main components
slide 4
An economic system is a set of principles, rules, legally fixed norms that have historically arisen or established, operating in the country, determining the form and content of the main economic relations that arise in the process of production, distribution, exchange and consumption of an economic product.
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Traditional system A traditional economy is an economic system in which traditions and customs determine the practice of using scarce resources. The main economic problems of society - what, how and for whom to produce - are solved mainly on the basis of traditional tribal or semi-feudal hierarchical ties between people.
Slide 7
Distinctive features of the traditional economy: primitive technologies; the predominance of manual labor; members of economic relations are united in a strong social network; key economic problems are solved in accordance with customs; The traditional economy is characterized by low-productivity farming, hunting and gathering - there is no regular surplus of food, and therefore trade is not permanent.
Slide 8
Command system A system, a way of managing the economy and social relations of a country, in which the main role is given to distribution, command methods, and all power is concentrated in the hands of the central government, the bureaucracy. The economy is built on state ownership.
Slide 9
The administrative-command system is characterized by: directive planning from the Center, enterprises act in accordance with the planned targets brought to them. The administrative-command system is based on a non-democratic political system, on totalitarian/authoritarian regimes, contradicts democratic principles of governance, does not accept the free market, competition, and entrepreneurship.
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A market system is an economy organized on the basis of market self-regulation, in which the coordination of the actions of participants is carried out by the state, namely, the legislative and judicial authorities directly, and the executive only indirectly, through the introduction of various taxes, fees, benefits, etc. This is an economy in which only decisions of consumers themselves, suppliers of goods and services determine the structure of distribution.
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Market economy - an economy based on the principles of: entrepreneurship; variety of forms of ownership of the means of production; market pricing; contractual relations between economic entities (people, enterprises, etc.); limited state intervention in economic activity.
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Functions of the state What economic functions of the state do you know? State Economy Persuasion Taxation Benefits Regulation
