Correctly executed brickwork of the walls predetermines the reliability and strength of the future structure. The criteria for assessing the quality of brickwork are regulated by SNiP for supporting and enclosing structures. Before starting construction work, you need to know how it happens checking brickwork
The building codes describe the following main points brickwork checks:
- Acceptable thickness of masonry joints:
- 10 mm (+ 5 / -2 mm) for vertical joints;
- 12 mm (+ 3 / -2 mm) for horizontal joints.
- Permissible excess of deviations of the size of structures from the design value:
Building codes also regulate the entire process of laying bricks, it is according to them that the brickwork is checked:
- A deviation of no more than 10 mm is permissible for the marks of the supporting surfaces; no more than 20 mm displacement of the vertical axes of window openings; 10 mm displacement of the axes of the structure. Do not weaken the structure with a hole or a niche that is not provided in the project.
- Masonry surfaces and corners cannot deviate from the vertical more than:
- 10 mm for one floor;
- 15 mm for buildings up to two floors. For accurate measurements, you need
The verticality of the masonry is controlled by a plumb line and level twice on each tier, and the quality of the corners is checked using a square.
- For every 10 meters of the wall, the deviation of the masonry from the horizontal is not more than 15 mm. Level and rule - tools for checking the horizontality of the rows (check twice on each tier of brickwork).
- Irregularities revealed when placing a two-meter rail on vertical surfaces should not exceed 10 mm.
- With multi-row dressing of the seams, it is necessary to lay the stitching rows under all prefabricated structures: the supporting part of the beams, floor slabs, balconies and purlins.
- For window and door openings, it is necessary to install lintels according to the project.
- The support area of the reinforced concrete slab must correspond to the dimensions laid down in the project. At the same time, the difference in the marks of two docked floor slabs cannot exceed 5 mm for a slab with a length of 4 meters and 10 mm for longer slabs.
- For dressing with masonry, which will be erected later, in the place of the gap, the masonry must be done in the form of a vertical or inclined line. Every 2 meters of masonry, lay 3 reinforcement rods in the seams.
- A height of no more than 1.8 m is allowed for unreinforced brick partitions with a thickness of 12 cm, if they are not reinforced with ceilings or temporary fasteners.
- Wasteland masonry allows the following depth of unfilled joints with masonry mortar:
- in pillars not more than 10 mm (only vertical seams);
- in the remaining seams from the outside, no more than 15 mm.
- Rules for performing masonry with reinforcement:
- the seam thickness cannot exceed 16 mm, but when crossing the reinforcement, the seam thickness should be 4 mm more than the sum of the diameters of the rods;
- during the manufacture and laying of meshes for transverse reinforcement of the walls, it is necessary to ensure that at least two rods protrude and rest on the inner surface of the wall.
Before starting work, it is important to check the brand of the used brick, masonry mortar, and also during the masonry process to monitor the correct dressing. After completion of construction, it is necessary to make. If you are not ready to do it yourself check of brickwork- contact the professionals!
Irregular stone masonry. Areas of use.
Rubble and butto-concrete masonry is made of irregularly shaped kamla.
Butovoy is called a masonry made of natural stones connected with a solution (Figure IX.22, a). For rubble masonry use: stones of irregular shape - torn stones; bedded - stones with two parallel planes; cobblestone - stones with a rounded shape.
Rubble masonry is used in the construction of foundations, basement walls, retaining walls, etc., and torn stones are placed in the foundations and walls of the basements, and bed stones are placed in structures that perceive significant vertical loads. It is also advisable to use bed stones for the construction of walls of single and low-rise residential buildings. Rubble stone masonry is carried out in rows, laying out corners, intersections and foundation walls, as well as verst rows of larger stones.
Rubble masonry is produced in the following ways: "under the shoulder blade" or "under the bay".
Laying "under the shoulder blade" is carried out on the mortar in horizontal rows of stones selected in height with bandaging of the seams according to a two-row system. The thickness of each row is about 25 cm. The space between the verst rows is filled with small stones and mortar. For masonry, a solution with a mobility of 40 ... 60 mm is used. The foundations, walls and pillars are laid in the "under the shoulder" method. Unlike the laying of walls and pillars in the foundations, the first row is laid out of large bedded stones dry directly on the mainland soil.
Bay masonry is used in the construction of low-rise buildings. When erecting ground walls, the masonry is carried out in the formwork, and when building foundations, it is strutted with vertical walls of trenches. The stones are laid in horizontal rows 15 ... 20 cm thick with careful filling of the gaps between them with small stones (gravel). Each row is poured with a solution with a mobility of 130 ... 150 mm. The stones are laid without strict dressing of seams and arrangement of verst rows, which is less laborious and does not require highly qualified bricklayers. However, when pouring, the mortar does not always fill all the voids, which can reduce the density and bearing capacity of the masonry.
With a wall thickness of 0.6 ... 0.7 m, rubble masonry is carried out in tiers with a height of 1 ... 1.2 m. With an increase in wall thickness, the height of the tier decreases. Rubble masonry is performed with the same tool as brick masonry, the same devices are used. An additional tool is sledgehammers designed for breaking and splitting stones. As a rule, rubble masonry is carried out by a link of masons, consisting of 2 and 3 people. ("Two" and "three"); If the thickness of the masonry is less than 80 cm, the work is performed by the link "two", with the thickness of the masonry more than 80 cm - the link "three".
Rubble concrete masonry is a concrete mixture with rubble stones embedded in it (Fig. IX.22.6). For it, a sedentary concrete mixture is used (with a cone draft of 3 ... 5 cm) and stones no more than 30 cm in size, but no more than 1/3 of the structure's thickness. The masonry process consists of laying a layer of concrete mixture with a height of about 20 cm and embedding rubble stone into it. Then the operation is repeated until the design height of the structure is reached. On top of the last layer of stones, it is advisable to lay a covering layer of concrete mixture with its compaction with surface vibrators.
To ensure the required density, solidity and strength of the masonry, the number of embedded stones should not exceed 50% of the volume of the structure being erected and the stones should be located at a distance of 4 ... 5 cm from each other and from the outer surface of the structure. Rubble concrete masonry is performed in the formwork (in some cases, the foundations can be built in space with the walls of the trench in layers. The sequence of installation of external and internal formwork and filling them is identical to similar operations when erecting walls made of monolithic concrete. The masonry is carried out by a link of masons-concrete workers from 8 people 2 people. they mount and dismantle the formwork, 2 - prepare the stone and transport it to the place of laying, 2 - lay the concrete mixture, 2 - embed the stones.
Rubble masonry has greater strength and is less labor-intensive compared to rubble masonry, but it leads to an increase in cement consumption.
Features and technology of masonry in the winter. Quality control of masonry.
Quality control of masonry
The quality of the masonry must comply with certain standards, which must be adhered to in the process of work. Compliance with these standards will help to carry out all the masonry efficiently and accurately:
□ maximum deviation of walls from the design thickness - 15 mm;
□ permissible deviation of the wall surface from the vertical - 10 mm;
□ the deviation of the masonry rows from the horizontal is not less than 7 mm per 5 m length;
□ irregularities on the vertical surface of the wall when applying a 2 m long strip should be no more than 10 mm;
□ the discrepancy in the marks of the upper surfaces of the walls is permissible within 10 mm;
□ the discrepancy in the thickness of the masonry joints should not exceed: horizontal - +3 mm, -2 mm, vertical - +2 mm, -2 mm.
Keeping rubble masonry allows large errors in work:
□ by the thickness of the structure - up to 30 mm in both directions - for the foundation and up to 20 mm - for the walls;
□ by the marks of the supporting surfaces - 25 mm for the foundation, 15 mm for the walls;
□ by deviation of the wall masonry surface from the vertical - 20 mm;
□ by the deviation of the masonry rows from the horizontal by 5 m of the wall length - 15 mm for the foundation, 10 mm for the walls;
□ on irregularities on the vertical surface of the wall when applying a strip with a length of 2 m - 15 mm.
The control of the correctness of laying the angles of 90 degrees is carried out using a wooden triangle. The horizontalness of the rows is checked using the rule on which the building level is located. If an error is found during the laying process, then it must be corrected during the laying of the next rows. The verticality of the walls is controlled using a plumb line at least twice for each meter of masonry.
Laying in winter conditions
Undoubtedly, all masonry work is best done in summer or during the warm season, when the outside temperature is between 8-10 ° C. But it so happens that construction has to start in winter. If you get acquainted with the peculiarities of masonry in winter conditions, then frosts will no longer be an obstacle to successful construction and will not interfere with the implementation of the plans.
As a rule, the hardening of the solution slows down with decreasing temperature. At an outside air temperature of +5 ° C, the solution hardens 3-4 times slower than at normal temperature; at zero degrees, the solution does not harden at all. At temperatures below zero, the masonry acquires strength due to the freezing of the mortar. A garage built at sub-zero temperatures is not in danger of collapse of the foundation and masonry. With the onset of spring and an increase in temperature, the masonry thaws, while the strength of the solution will temporarily decrease. Gradually, the masonry solution (from the moment the above-zero temperature is established outside, 2-6 days pass) hardens again, and the strength of the masonry increases.
The final strength of the masonry in this case will be lower than under normal temperature conditions, but this will be quite enough for a garage. It is recommended to strictly follow the masonry technology: all dressings must be performed clearly, without deviations from the recommended schemes. This will help protect yourself from unexpected troubles when defrosting a building in the spring.
The technology of masonry work in winter is no different from that used in normal conditions. Bricks or stones should be cleaned of ice and snow. The water for the solution should be heated to 800 ° C, and the sand - to 600 ° C. It should be borne in mind that the solution has the property of quickly cooling and freezing, so it is not worth preparing it in large quantities. You can work with a fresh solution for 30-40 minutes, after that a new portion is prepared. two adjacent bricks; when backing up - no more than 6-7 bricks.
The recommended optimum temperature of the solution during operation is +15 ° С. "At the same time, the outside air temperature should be at least 200 ° C at a wind speed of 6 m / s. If the wind speed increases, then the temperature of the solution should be increased to +20 ° C. It is best to insulate the solution box, it is even better to build it with heating It is not recommended to use frozen mortar or mortar warmed by hot water for masonry.
The thickness of horizontal masonry joints should not exceed 12 mm, and vertical joints - 10 mm. Thickening of the joints can lead to leakage of the mortar during thawing under the influence of the load from the overlying part of the wall. With rapid freezing, the possibility of eliminating masonry errors is excluded, so its quality must be monitored especially carefully. From time to time, the verticality of the walls should be checked. Thawing of sloped walls leads to increased heeling, which can destroy the masonry.
The gripping effect of the solution is enhanced by the so-called antifreeze chemical additives. These additives include sodium nitrite, potash, their mixture, calcium nitrite with urea, and a mixture of calcium chloride and sodium chloride. The addition of these substances contributes to the partial setting of the mortar in the cold and improves the adhesion of the mortar to the stone after thawing. Additives should be from 1.5 to 15 percent by weight of cement, depending on the average daily air temperature. The adhesion of such mortars is much higher than that of cement, so you need to ensure that the mortar is consumed before it begins to set. When preparing a solution, it should be sealed not with water, but with an aqueous solution of chemical additives. Ordinary sand will serve as a filler in it; cement must be at least 300 grade.
Laying on such solutions has a significant drawback. Chemical additives that provide the anti-freeze properties of the solution are hygroscopic substances that increase the humidity in the room. For this reason, on the surface of walls erected in winter, so-called efflorescence can often be observed.
They begin laying the walls only after the manufacturer of the work or the foreman has checked: the execution of work on the laying of water supply, heating, gas pipeline and sewerage outlets; installation of ceilings over the basement, backfilling of the pit sinuses and installation of a blind area and gutters. To drain surface water from the building; the quality of the wall material delivered to the construction site and the readiness of the work front.
Brickwork of walls and pillars is carried out in horizontal rows, observing the verticality of the surfaces. The masonry of the walls is performed according to a multi-row or single-row (chain) system of dressing the seams, the laying of pillars and narrow walls with a width of not more than 1 m is performed according to a three-row system. The craftsman must ensure that the masons use devices and tools to ensure the correct masonry.
In order to maintain the exact direction of the masonry during the erection of the wall, the same thickness of the rows and the correctness of the masonry in the rows, they establish (along the plumb line and level or level) orders and pull the mooring cord along them. It is recommended to use inventory metal orders. A mooring made of a twisted cord 2-3 mm thick is reinforced with a bracket.
The quality of the brickwork performed must be systematically monitored, for which the bricklayer must use a control and measuring tool. The corners of the building are checked with a wooden square, the horizontality of the rows of brickwork of the wall is checked by the rule and the level at least twice on each tier of the masonry. To do this, the rule is placed on the masonry, a level is placed on it and, aligning it horizontally, the deviation of the masonry from the horizontal is determined. If it does not exceed the established tolerance, the deviation is eliminated in the process of laying subsequent rows.
The verticality of the surfaces of the walls and corners of the masonry is controlled by the level and plumb line at least twice on each tier of the masonry. If deviations are found that do not exceed the permissible ones, then they are corrected when laying the next tier or floor. Deviations of the axes of structures, if they do not exceed the tolerances established by SNiP 3.03.01-87, are eliminated in the levels of interfloor floors.
Brickwork of walls, piers and pillars should begin and end with butt rows. The stitch rows should be laid under beams, purlins, Mauerlats, at the level of cutoffs of walls and pillars, as well as in protruding rows of masonry (for example, cornices, belts). The dash rows are laid out from a whole brick.
The most loaded in the structure of the building are pillars and piers with a width of less than 2.5 bricks, in connection with which they should be laid out of selected whole bricks. Half-timber and broken bricks can be used only in the laying of backfill and lightly loaded structures (in the sections of the walls under the windows, when filling the frame walls).
The contractor or foreman is obliged to ensure that the height of the facing ceramic bricks corresponds to the height of the masonry material. In exceptional cases, when laying from ordinary single-row bricks, facing stones with a height of 140 mm are used. This combination is permissible only if a red plastic-pressed brick is used as the main masonry material with a decrease in the bearing capacity of the masonry, calculated by 10%. This should be stated in the project. It is not recommended to use sand-lime brick with dry-pressed brick.
Laying of walls at intersections, junctions or abutments should be done at the same time, observing the correct dressing of the seams. In cases where the brickwork is carried out with gaps, the foreman or foreman must control the correctness of the devices of inclined or vertical strikes and check for the presence of steel ties in the previously made brickwork. Steel ties are placed at least 2 m in height and always at the level of each floor. Ties usually have a length of at least 1 m from the abutment angle and end with anchors.
It is necessary to periodically (twice per shift) check the thickness of the seams, for which they measure five to six rows of brickwork and calculate the average thickness of the seam. For example, five rows of wall masonry are 395 mm, then the average height of one row of masonry will be 395: 5 = 79 mm, and the average joint thickness is 790: 65 = 14 mm.
The average thickness of horizontal joints in brickwork within the height of the storey should be 12 mm, vertical - 10 mm. In this case, the thickness of individual horizontal seams should be at least 10 and not more than 15 mm, and vertical - at least 8 and not more than 15 mm. Thickening of the seams against those provided for by the rules can be allowed only in cases specified by the project; the dimensions of the thickened seams are indicated in the working drawings.
The correctness of filling the joints with mortar is checked by taking out individual bricks of the laid out row in different places at least three times along the height of the floor.
When checking horizontal and transverse vertical joints of brickwork of walls, as well as longitudinal joints of brickwork of lintels and walls with a width of less than 1 m, it is necessary to ensure that they are completely filled with mortar. In the longitudinal seams of blind walls and piers 1 m wide or more, partial filling of the seams with mortar is allowed. In the pillars, all seams must be completely filled with mortar, which is checked by removing individual bricks of the laid out row in different places (at least three times along the height of the floor). The depth of joints not filled with mortar from the side of the front surface when laying with a washer is allowed no more than 15 mm in the walls and no more than 10 mm (only vertical joints) in the pillars.
The maximum height of walls erected without reinforcement with ceilings or coverings should not exceed the values established by SNiP 3.03.01-87.
In the production of brickwork in seismic areas, increased requirements should be made to the quality of the used stone wall materials and mortar. The surfaces of stone, brick or block must be free of dust before laying. In mortars intended for the construction of masonry, Portland cement should be used as a binder.
Prior to the commencement of stone works, the construction laboratory determines the optimal ratio between the amount of preliminary moistening of the local wall stone material and the water content of the mortar mixture. Solutions are used with high water retention capacity (water separation is not more than 2%). The use of cement mortars without plasticizers is not allowed.
Brickwork and ceramic slotted stones are laid in compliance with the following additional requirements: the laying of stone structures is erected to the entire thickness of the structures in each row; the horizontal, vertical, transverse and longitudinal seams of the masonry are filled with mortar completely with cutting off the mortar on the outer sides of the masonry; masonry of walls in places of mutual abutment is erected simultaneously; Butt rows of masonry, including backing ones, are laid out of a whole stone and brick; temporary (assembly) gaps in the masonry being erected end with an inclined line and are located outside the places of structural reinforcement of the walls.
When reinforcing brickwork (pillars), it is necessary to ensure that the thickness of the joints in which the reinforcement is located exceeds the diameter of the reinforcement by at least 4 mm, while observing the average thickness of the seam for the given brickwork. The diameter of the wire of the transverse meshes for reinforcing the masonry is allowed at least 3 and not more than 8 mm. If the wire diameter is more than 5 mm, a zigzag mesh should be used. The use of individual rods (laid mutually perpendicular in adjacent seams) instead of knitted or welded rectangular meshes or zigzag meshes is prohibited.
In order to control the laying of reinforcement during mesh reinforcement of pillars and walls, the ends of individual rods (at least two) in each mesh should be released from the horizontal joints of the masonry by 2-3 mm.
During the masonry process, the contractor or foreman must ensure that the methods of fixing the purlins, beams, flooring and floor panels in the walls and on the pillars are appropriate for the project. The ends of the split girders and beams resting on the inner walls and pillars must be connected and embedded in the masonry; under the ends of the girders and beams, according to the project, reinforced concrete or metal linings are laid.
When laying ordinary or wedge-shaped lintels, only selected whole bricks should be used and a solution of grade 25 and higher should be used. The lintels are sealed into the walls at a distance of at least 25 cm from the slope of the opening. Under the bottom row of bricks, a bundle of iron or steel wire with a diameter of 4-6 mm is laid in a layer of mortar at the rate of one rod with a cross section of 0.2 cm2 for each part of the lintel half a brick thick, if the project does not provide for stronger reinforcement.
When laying the cornice, the overhang of each row should not exceed 1/3 of the brick length, and the total removal of the cornice should be half the wall thickness. Eaves with a large overhang should be reinforced or executed on reinforced concrete slabs, etc., reinforcing them with anchors embedded in the masonry.
The brickwork of the walls must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.03.01-87. During the production of brickwork, acceptance is carried out according to the act of hidden works. The hidden works subject to acceptance include: completed waterproofing; installed fittings; sections of masonry in the places where the girders and beams are supported; installation of embedded parts - ties, anchors, etc .; fastening cornices and balconies; protection against corrosion of steel elements and parts embedded in masonry; sealing the ends of girders and beams in walls and pillars (the presence of base plates, anchors and other necessary parts); sedimentary seams; support of floor slabs on walls, etc.
Quality control during masonry. The laying of walls and other brick structures should be carried out in accordance with the project in accordance with SNiP 3.03.01-87 “Bearing and enclosing structures. Rules of production and acceptance of works ”, compliance with the requirements of which ensures the necessary strength of the structures being built and high quality of work.
Laying of foundations
Before the start of laying the foundations, the manufacturer of the work is obliged to personally check the correctness of the geodetic breakdown of the axes of the building, inputs and routes, the installation of benchmarks indicating the marks of the base of the foundations, as well as the quality of the preparation of the base.
When laying out the axes of a building whose linear dimensions do not exceed 10 m, deviations in its length and width should not exceed 10 mm, and for buildings with dimensions of 100 m and more - 30 mm. For intermediate dimensions, the permissible deviations are set by interpolation. To check the correctness of the layout of the axes of the building, as well as to control the production of stone work, it is necessary to have a set of control and measuring instruments.
The foundations of residential buildings are made from rubble stone, rubble concrete, bricks and other stones, and more recently, as a rule, from large concrete and reinforced concrete blocks.
Rubble masonry is made "under the bay" and "under the shoulder blade". Bay-type masonry is allowed for buildings no more than two storeys high. The masonry is made of torn stone in horizontal rows 15-20 cm high, with walls of trenches or formwork without laying out verst rows, but with cleaved voids. The formwork is installed in the trench after the end of the excavation work. In the event that the soil is dense, it is recommended to lay the masonry without formwork - a bulge with the walls of the trench.
In the presence of bedding stones, rubble masonry is carried out "under the shoulder blade" in horizontal rows up to 30 cm high with the selection of stones in height, their pinning, splitting of voids and observing the dressing. The first row, when laying on sandy soil or on a prepared base, is laid dry from large bedded stones, followed by careful splitting, tamping and pouring with a liquid solution. Verst rows, corners and intersections of foundations are laid out from large, more bedded stones.
To facilitate control over the correctness of the outline of the cross-section of foundations and walls, especially when laying in trenches, wooden templates are installed at least 20 m later. The inner edges of the template boards must match the foundation profile. On the boards of the template, markings are made of the rows of masonry, along which the mooring is pulled. On the same templates, the top and bottom are marked, the holes left in the foundations for laying sewer pipes, water supply, etc. Thus, the templates simultaneously perform the function of ordering.
The manufacturer of the work or the foreman is obliged to especially carefully check the correctness of the device in the foundations of the sedimentary joints and the places of abutment to existing buildings. The ingress of surface and groundwater into the basement through sedimentary seams should be excluded by installing a clay castle, blind area or other measures provided for by the project.
The laying of the rubble walls of the basements is performed simultaneously with the internal brick cladding of 1/2 brick. Breaks in work during rubble laying are allowed only after filling the gaps between the stones of the last laid out row with mortar. The surface of the stones of this row is covered with a solution only when work is resumed on the next rows of masonry. During breaks in work in dry, hot, windy weather, it is necessary to ensure that rubble masonry is protected from drying out. To do this, the masonry is watered or covered 3-4 times during the day with tar paper, glassine, shields, etc. Before resuming work, the masonry is cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. Before laying the basement, the upper row of the masonry of the erected foundation is aligned with the level and the theodolite checks the correctness of the previously made breakdown of the axes of the building.
Rubble concrete masonry is made by embedding rubble stones into the laid concrete. The volume of rubble stone should be half the volume of the laid concrete. For rubble concrete masonry, the same stones are used as for rubble masonry; cobblestone is allowed to be used undisturbed. Before the start of the masonry, the formwork is installed and the scaffolding is arranged at such a level that the rubble stone does not have to be raised above 0.6 m. It is recommended to use a collapsible panel formwork. This increases its turnover, makes it easier to install and remove.
In case of rubble concrete laying, the concrete is laid in horizontal layers no more than 25 cm thick. Stones up to one third of the thickness of the structure should be embedded immediately after the concrete is laid; stones are embedded to a depth of at least half of their height with intervals of 4-6 cm between them. Usually, rubble concrete masonry is compacted by layer-by-layer vibration. The mobility of the concrete used is 5-7 cm. With small amounts of work, vibration can be avoided by using plastic concrete with a mobility of 8-12 cm. The quality of the concrete used is controlled by the construction laboratory.
A break in the production of work with rubble concrete masonry is allowed after the stones have been laid in the laid layer of concrete so that after the break, the masonry begins with the laying of concrete. The surface of the previously laid masonry is preliminarily cleaned of debris and, if necessary, moistened. The contractor, together with the laboratory workers, must ensure that the open surfaces of freshly laid masonry in dry, hot or windy weather are moistened, and that structures made of rubble concrete are loaded with the full design load only when the rubble concrete reaches its design strength.
The foreman or foreman, when controlling the quality of the work performed, must be guided by SNiP 3.03.01-87 and make sure that the deviations in the size and position of stone structures made of rubble and rubble concrete do not exceed those indicated in table. 1 quantities.
Table 1
The following deviations of surfaces and masonry angles from the vertical are allowed for one floor with a height of 3.2-4 m: walls - 20 mm, pillars - 15 mm; for the whole building: foundations - 20 mm, walls and pillars - 30 mm. Deviations of the rows of masonry from the horizontal are allowed for every 10 m of length: in the foundations - by 30 mm, in the walls - by 20 mm. Permissible irregularities on the vertical surface of the masonry are detected by applying a 2 m long strip; on plastered and non-plastered walls and pillars - 15 m, on non-plastered foundations - 20 mm. The verticality of the surfaces and corners of the masonry, as well as the horizontalness of its rows, are checked at least twice per 1 m of the masonry height.
For the laying of foundations and plinths made of hewn and artificial stones, it is recommended to use limestone and concrete stones made of clinker binders. The use of stones made with air binders (for example, gypsum) is not allowed. Gravel and crushed stone of natural rocks, crushed stone of strong and stable blast-furnace slag, as well as brick and ceramic crushed stone are used as aggregates for the manufacture of concrete stones. For the laying of foundations and basements of buildings, you can also use ordinary clay bricks, and for the basements of buildings above the waterproofing layer - clay hollow plastic pressed bricks.
Laying of artificial and processed natural stones of the correct shape is carried out on a mortar with a mobility of 9-13 cm. The mortar is laid in horizontal joints in an even layer. Vertical seams are filled with a liquid solution. The average thickness of horizontal joints in concrete masonry is 12 mm, and in natural masonry - 15 mm.
The average thickness of vertical joints for concrete stone masonry should be 10 mm, and for regular natural stone masonry - 15 mm. In a masonry made of concrete stones, a transverse bonding ligation is performed in every third row, and in a masonry made of natural stones, in every second row. The foreman and the foreman of the bricklayers are obliged to ensure that the stones of the outer and inner versts are laid with the displacement of the transverse vertical joints, and the brick facing of the walls must be connected to the concrete masonry by bonded rows of bricks or steel ties, located at least three rows of stone masonry.
When checking the quality of masonry made of concrete and other stones of the correct shape, the manufacturer of the work and the foreman must ensure that the actual deviations in the dimensions and position of the structures do not exceed the permissible SNiP.
The construction of foundations from rubble and rubble concrete, as well as from small concrete and other stones of the correct shape, requires a lot of manual labor, since the possibility of using mechanisms during these works is very limited. Currently, the development of precast concrete production makes it possible to widely use large concrete and reinforced concrete prefabricated blocks for the construction of foundations and plinths of stone buildings with a height of five floors and above.
If a tile laying specialist works for you during the repair, then you can check the quality of his work as follows.
It is advisable to start monitoring the quality of the tiler's work at the stage of preparing the work.
In the process of work, do not intrusively visually control the appearance of the cladding. There should be no obvious defects: strongly protruding or depressed tiles, strongly deviating from the size of the seams, there should be no "ladders" at the joints of the tiles.
The sooner you notice a defect while working, the easier it is to fix it. A good master in the process of work must constantly monitor himself and prevent marriage in his work.
Take the time to pull the cord along the seams. The seam line, both horizontal and vertical, should not deviate from the stretched cord.
Pay attention to the quality of fitting and trimming tiles for faucets, heated towel rails, risers. With the first such drawback, additional negotiations should be held with the master about the required quality.
Be sure to check the adhesion of the tile to the floor or wall surface. There should be no voids. The presence of voids can be checked by tapping. This must be done after the glue has hardened, usually in a day.
A rule (or a flat 2m rail) applied to the tiled surface should not bounce on irregularities when moved across the surface in all directions. This checks for the presence of a plane on the lined surface.
The above is a visual assessment. There are also quantitative indicators for norms and tolerances for tiling. These indicators are established by SNiP 3.04.01-87 "Insulation and finishing coatings".
According to this regulatory document:
1. The thickness of the adhesive layer (for cement-based mixtures) - from 7 to 15 mm. (for floor tiles I recommend at least 8 - 10 mm.).
2. Deviations of the lined surface from the vertical by one linear meter: external work 2 mm, internal - 1.5 mm.
3. Deviations of the location of the seams from the vertical and horizontal for one running meter of the seam - external work 2 mm., Internal work - 1.5 mm.
4. Allowed profile mismatch at the joints of architectural details and seams - external work 4 mm., Internal - 3 mm.
5. Tolerances for unevenness of a tiled plane (check with a 2 m long rail): external work 3 mm, internal work - 2 mm.
6. Deviation of the width of the tile joint - 500 microns.
It should be understood that the given quantitative indicators are used for perfectly flat walls and tiles of the same size, which is practically impossible in real life. It is believed that if the differences in item 5 are no more than 4 mm, then this is a quality work.
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Mirror in a curved solid oak frame
For connoisseurs of design solutions for interior elements made from natural handmade materials, we offer mirrors from BentWood Studio that will successfully fit into the design concept of your premises. The ancient method of wood processing is used in the manufacture - manual bending with the use of steam.
